Highlights of HIV research in June 2020.

, June 30, 2020 /PRNewswire/ --- Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HUMANDEFICIENC immunodeficiency virus), or AIDS (AIDS, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) virus, is a virus that causes defects in the human immune system. HIV was first discovered in the United States in 1983. It is a slow virus (lentivirus) that infects the cells of the human immune system, a type of retrovirus. HIV destroys the body's T lymphocytes, which in turn block the cellular and body fluid immune processes, leading to the paralysis of the immune system, which causes various diseases to spread in the human body, eventually leading to AIDS. Because of the rapid variation of HIV, it is difficult to produce a specific vaccine, so far there is no effective treatment, which poses a great threat to human health.since the 1980s, the AIDS epidemic has claimed more than 34 million lives. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), an estimated 36.9 million people worldwide were infected with HIV in 2017, of whom only 59% were treated with antiretroviral therapy (ART). HIV remains one of the world's largest public health challenges, so there is an urgent need to delve into the function of HIV to help researchers develop new treatments that can effectively combat the disease. To prevent the virus from replicating in large numbers to damage the immune system, people living with HIV need to take ART every day or even for life. Although taking ART has been shown to be effective in suppressing the onset of AIDS, these drugs are expensive, time-consuming and have serious side effects. There is an urgent need to find a cure for HIV infection.coming to The Next Six Months, what are the major HIV research or discoveries? The BioValley small editor combed through this month's Bio Valley report on HIV research news for everyone to read.
1.
. Science: Significant progress! In a new study, researchers from the National Primate Research Center of The U.S., 3M-052, have found that a new adjectoe called 3M-052 can induce long-lasting immunity against HIV in the body
doi: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abb1025 researchers from the National Primate Research Center of The U.S., and the Emory Center for Vaccines, have found for the first time that a new adjorizer called 3M-052 can help induce long-lasting immunity against HIV. 2020619Science Immunology,"3M-052, a synthetic TLR-7/8 agonist, induces durable HIV-1 envelope–specific plasma cells and humoral immunity in nonhuman primates"。
scan of HIV-infected T-cells, pictured from NIAID.in the preclinical study of 90 rhesus monkeys, the researchers found that 3M-052 successfully induced vaccine-specific long-life bone marrow plasma cells (BM-LLPC), which are essential for persistent immunity, as a new synthetic small molecule targeting specific receptor TLR 7/8. In a striking observation, 3M-052-induced BM-LLPC maintained a high number after vaccination for more than a year. This longer duration is not only feasible in monitoring preclinical effectiveness, but also has high reference value in selecting candidate vaccines.
2.
. PLoS Pathog: A big discovery! HIV infects brain cells and transfers them from the brain to peripheral organs
doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008381 In a new study, researchers at Rush University Medical Center in the United States found that as a brain cell, as a brain cell, asanomes can hide HIV virus and then spread the virus to immune cells in the brain, which can migrate from the brain to other organs. Even if standard treatments for HIV --- combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) --- inhibit HIV, the virus still moves out of the brain through this route. The findings were published on 11 June 2020 in the journal PLoS Developments with the title "HIV infects astrocytes in vivo and egresses from brain to the periphery". "This study confirms the key role of the brain as a pool of HIV that can re-infect the peripheral organs," said Dr. Jeymohan Joseph, director of HIV Neuropathology, Genetics and Treatment At the National Institutes of Mental Health at the National Institutes of Health, . These findings suggest that in order to eradicate HIV from the body, the cure strategy must address the role of the central nervous system in the spread of HIV. "
3.
. ACS Sensors: A combination of cotton threads, luminescable proteins, and a smartphone camera can detect the concentration of antibodies in a drop of blood
doi: 10.1021/acssensors.0c00564 in order to protect the body, the immune system creates a protein called antibodies that captures perceived threats, whether it is HIV, a new coronavirus, or, like autoimmune diseases, the threat is part of the body itself. In a new proof-of-concept study, researchers from Keio University in Japan and Eindhoven University of Technology in the Netherlands describe a new system that uses a combination of cotton thread, luminescent protein and smartphone cameratomes to detect antibodies in the blood of needles in minutes. The findings were recently published in the journal ACS Sensors under the title "Thread-Based Bioluminescent Sensor for Detecting Multiple Antibodies in a Single Drop of Whole Blood".. Photo from ACS Sensors, 2020, doi: 10.1021/acssensors.0c00564.
the micro-flow-controlled cotton thread-based analysis device developed by these researchers relies on the luminescent sensor protein held on the cotton wire. With the presence of the correct antibody, the color of the light emitted by the luminescent sensor protein changes. The change from green to blue is related to the concentration of antibodies in the sample. Using a drop of pig blood doped with HIV antibodies, the researchers found that their system could successfully detect HIV antibody levels within five minutes. In addition, the device can detect the number of several different antibodies in a single blood sample and does not require a large number of processing and culture steps. They found that smartphone cameras equipped with adapters can capture changes in the color of light, and that the device itself can turn color data into test results and transmit that information. They say that with further development, the combination of this technique may be able to provide user-friendly one-step antibody concentration analysis.
4.
. PLoS Med: For women infected with HIV, IUD LNG-IUS is as safe as C-IUD
doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003110 over the past decade, the hormone IUD --- the monotricolenosterone system (levonorgestreeth intraeuterin system), The use of IUDs ( intrauterine devices , IUDs) --- OFD) has increased. However, few clinical trials have compared the safety of LNG-IUS and intrauterine copper birth control (C-IUD) in HIV-infected women, and none of them have paid particular attention to their impact on HIV transmission.to study this, in a new study, Dr. Heidi Jones, an associate professor at the School of Public Health at City University of New York, AND his colleagues at FHI-360 and the University of Cape Town in South Africa conducted a randomized controlled clinical trial in Cape Town, South Africa, for 199 women infected with HIV. The results of the study, recently published in the journal PLoS Medicine, are entitled "Safety and pleased us of the levonorgestrel intrauterine system as compared with the copper intrauterine device women living with HIV in South Africa: A randomized roded trial".at the time of registration and during visits at 3 months, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months and 24 months, samples of the reproductive tract of these participants were taken and blood was pumped to detect viral load levels in the genitals and plasma. Compared to C-IUD users, women using LNG-IUS did not significantly increase the detectability of HIV load in the reproductive tract. Compared to LNG-IUS, women in the study were more likely to stop using C-IUD because of side effects. . "Our research shows that LNG-IUS is as safe for women infected with HIV as C-IUD and will strengthen international medical qualification guidelines," Jones said. Many women infected with HIV may prefer LNG-IUS to C-IUD, an approach that should be listed as one of the all-round contraceptive methods available to them worldwide. "
5.
. Cell Rep Breaks! New drugs wake up sleep of HIV virus, can functionally cure HIV!
doi: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2020.100037. Scientists at the Sanford Burnham Prebi Institute for Medical Discovery have developed a new generation of drug, Ciapavir (SBI-0953294), which effectively activates the dormant human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The study, published in Cell Reports Medicine, aims to create an effective cure for AIDS -- known as "shock and kill" -- by activating and eliminating all latent HIV.scientists have found that other "shock" methods are either too hot to over-activate the immune system or too cold to activate the immune system to kill the virus. Sumit Chanda, director of the Immune and Pathogensprograms Program at the Institute of Medical Discovery and co-author of the study, said. Our study found a more effective drug -- it wakes up the virus without activating the immune system. Our work also provides further evidence that the drug, known as the Smac simulation, is a promising way to reactivate the latent HIV virus. " the study builds on a previously discovered Smac simulator by scientists that has been tested for human safety and is currently undergoing clinical trials for certain cancers that can reactivate latent viruses in cells of AIDS patients undergoing antiretroviral therapy. At the same time, scientists are exploring ways to kill reactivated viruses -- such as developing extensive neutralizing antibodies or destroying modified T-cells (CAR-T cell therapy) that infect infected cells -- that would complete the "shock and kill" strategy.in the study, researchers gave Ciapavir to mice with human immune systems and hiv infection. This treatment significantly increases levels of HIV in the blood and bone marrow -- indicating that the latent virus is activated. Importantly, immune activation is minimal. Overactivation of the immune system can be fatal and has historically been a problem with "shock and kill" methods. . 6.
Science sub-magazine breakthrough! A two-parent peptide kills HIV-1 virus particles and infected cells!
doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaz2254 . Recently, researchers from Fudan University, Beijing Concord Medical College, Hebei Agricultural University and the Institute of Biophysics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences screened a peptide bank from HIV envelope proteins to find peptides that inhibit the virus, and the results of the study were published in Science Translational Medicine, entitled "Ampanicamptargetic the gp41 cytoplasmics hiv-1 hiv-1 hiv-1 cells".researchers identified a peptide F9170 that effectively inactivated HIV-1 virus particles, induced HIV-1 infection cell necrosis, and reactivated latent infection cells from the cytoplasm region, which is effective for free virus particles or HIV-infected cells. Further researchfound that F9170 specific ally targeted the conservative HIV-1 Env cytoplasm tail, effectively destroying the integrity of the virus membrane. Short-term single-administered F9170 can control the viral load, making it lower than the detection limit of chronic SHIV-infected macaques. The researchers also found that F9170 can enter the brain and lymph nodes, one of the latent areas of HIV. As a result, the researchers believe that F9170 could be a candidate for AIDS treatment. . 7.
Blood.