Highlights of HIV research in August 2020.

!--webeditor:page title" -- --- Human Immunodeficiency Virus(HIV), or AIDS (AIDS, access to immunodeficiency syndrome) virus, is a virus that causes deficiencies in the human immune system.
was first discovered in the United States in 1983.
it is a lentivirus that infects cells of the human immune system and is a type of retrovirus.
HIV causes diseases to spread throughout the body and eventually AIDS by destroying the body's T lymphocytes, thereby blocking cellular and fluid immune processes.
hiv mutation is extremely rapid, it is difficult to produce specific vaccines, so far there is no effective treatment, a great threat to human health.
the AIDS epidemic has claimed more than 34 million lives since the 1980s.
an estimated 36.9 million people worldwide were infected with HIV in 2017, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), of whom only 59 percent received antiretroviral therapy (ART).
hiv is by far one of the world's largest public health challenges, there is an urgent need to delve into the function of HIV to help researchers develop new treatments that can effectively fight the disease.
HIV-infected people need to take ART every day or even for life to stop the virus from replicating in large numbers to damage their immune system.
although taking ART has been shown to be effective in suppressing the onset of AIDS, these drugs are expensive, time-consuming and have serious side effects.
urgent need to find a cure for HIV infection.
major HIV research or findings in the coming August? The editor combed through the NEWS on HIV research reported this month for everyone to read.
1.Lancet HIV: New study to simplify the dose of doi:10.1016/S2352-3018 (20) 30189-2 HIV-infected children in children living with HIV can now benefit from an adjusted, simpler combination therapy.
in combination therapy, two or three drugs are used simultaneously to suppress HIV.
one of these drugs is dolutegravir.
In a new study, researchers from Ladbrokes University in the Netherlands, University College London, the University of Zimbabwe, the Joint Clinical Research Centre in Uganda, the Baylor School of Medicine UNICEF, the Spanish Hospital of 12 October and the University of Padua in Italy found that the use of a widely available dorutwe pill in children was as effective as the use of a combination of several less easily available pills.
, especially in countries with high numbers of infections and low access to good care, make it easier to treat children.
the findings are included in the World Health Organization's treatment guidelines.
results were published in the August 2020 issue of the journal Lancet HIV under the title "Simplified dolutegravir dosing for children with HIV weighing 20 kg or more: pharmacokinetic and safety substudies of the multicentre, randomized ODYSSEY trial".
a scanning electroscope of HIV-infected T-cells from NIAID.
the study focused on simplifying the dose of dosage Rutherwell that children should take daily, which should be equally effective and should not cause any additional side effects.
their approach was to give 62 HIV-positive children aged 6 to 18 from Uganda and Zimbabwe different doses of dourutwe, taking into account their weight.
monitored them for nearly half a year.
results showed that taking one dose of 50 milligrams of doses a day, the same dose as adults, worked well for children, and their bodies responded to the drug in the same way as the dose that was more difficult to give.
2. Science Sub-Journal: Chinese scientists have found that using small molecule ACA to target TGF-beta signaling paths inhibits a range of viruses, including the new coronavirus, HIV and influenza virus doi:10.1126/sciadv.aba In a new study, researchers from the University of Hong Kong, Mary's Hospital and Hainan Medical College identified a small molecule that inhibits a variety of different viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, in tissue cultures and mice by targeting TGF-beta signaling path paths.
a potential target for the development of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs by identifying a host cell pathway on which multiple viruses can successfully infect.
study, published recently in the journal Science Advances, is titled "Viruses harness Yxxø motif to interact with host AP2M1 for replication: a class broad-spectrum antiviral target".
To see if TGF-beta signaling paths could be used as a target for antiviral therapies against many viruses, Shuofeng Yuan, a postdoctoral researcher in the Department of Microbiology at the University of Hong Kong, and his colleagues screened inhibitors for the previously discovered signaling path.
they found a compound called the small molecule N(p-Amylcinnamoyl) anthranilic acid (ACA), which successfully suppressed influenza A virus, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, HIV, adenovirus, and two small RNA viruses (picornavirus) in tissue cultures and mice.
also found that ACA achieves this inhibition by blocking the interaction between AP2M1 and the amino acid sequence Yxxø present in many viral proteins.
AP2M1 is a sub-base in the AP2 connector complex and is known to interact with the TGF-beta signal path.
!--/ewebeditor:page--!--ewebeditor:page title"--3.PLoS Pathog: Multiple Sclerosis Drug Fingommod blocks HIV infection and transmission in human immune cells doi:10.1371/journal.ppat. 1008679 In a new study, Rachel Resop, a postdoctoral researcher at George Washington University in the United States, and Alberto Bosque, an assistant professor, and colleagues found that as an approved immunomodulation drug for multiple sclerosis, fingolimod (FTY720) blocks hiv infection and transmission in human immune cells.
that while future studies are needed in animals and human bodies, these preliminary findings suggest that the compound could be a promising new drug for HIV treatment and defense.
study was recently published in the journal PLoS Pathogens under the title "Fingolimod reseds multiple stages of the HIV-1 life cycle".
picture source: NIAID.
Bosque and his colleagues studied an alternative strategy to fight HIV infection: targeting the acetaminophen-1-phosphoric acid (S1P) subject--- an immune system group involved in the progression of infection.
, they focused on fingomod--- a well- resistant drug that blocks the effects of S1P mediators and was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat multiple sclerosis.
found that Fingomod prevented HIV infection with human immune cells called CD4-T cells by blocking multiple steps in the HIV life cycle.
, for example, reduces the density of CD4--- a protein found on the surface of T cells--- which inhibits the binding and fusion of the virus.
the drug blocks the spread of HIV between cells, reducing detectable latent viruses.
According to their introduction, there have been no previous reports of the role of the S1P pathway in the hiv infection establishment process, and no one has previously reported the potential to regulate this pathway to change the infection process or prevent the establishment of latent virus libraries in CD4-T cells, so the use of the Fingomod target S1P pathway may be a new strategy to inhibit HIV replication and reduce latent virus libraries.
4.PNAS: Long-acting drugs help treat HIVdoi: 10.1073/pnas.2009700117 In a recent study, health scientists at the University of Utah and scientists at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) developed an injectable drug that can stop HIV from entering cells.
the new drug has the potential to provide long-term protection against infection with fewer side effects.
the study was published in the journal PNAS.
the new study, researchers tested a unique drug called CPT31, which targets key structures in the HIV fusion mechanism with few mutations.
CPT31 does not degrade in vivo.
, they have a longer service life than natural peptides and are therefore particularly suitable as long-acting injectable preparations.
5.Cell Rep: Using Sialyl-LewisX glycoprotein to identify active HIV library hidden during treatment lays the foundation for the development of a cure for HIV infection doi:10.1016/j.cel In a new study, researchers from research institutions such as the Westa Institute in the United States may have found a new way to identify and target HIV reservoirs hidden during antiretroviral drugs (ART) treatment.
findings could have transformative implications for improving long-term care for HIV-positive people.
study was recently published in the journal Cell Reports under the title "Sialyl-LewisX Glycoantigen Is Enriched on Cells with Persistent HIV Transcription Therapy."
from Cell Reports, 2020, doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107991.
immune cells that continue to infect can be divided into two categories: cells that are completely silent without producing any viral RNA (i.e., a silent HIV library);
targeting and eliminating both types of HIV library is the focus of the search for a cure for HIV infection.
one of the main challenges in this exploration is that we do not yet have a clear understanding of the differences between these two types of infected cells and those that are not infected with HIV.
, it is important to identify markers that distinguish these cells.
the authors identified a process called "fucosylation", a feature of the virus genome that is actively being tweed by persistent infections of T cells.
glycosylation is a sugar molecule called algal sugar attached to proteins present on the surface of cells, which is essential for the activation of T cells.
the authors also found that the expression of a specific algal glycosylated protein called Sialyl-LewisX (SLeX) identifies persistent HIV transcription in the body, and that primary CD4 T cells with high levels of SLeX have higher levels of T-cell pathogenes and proteins known to drive HIV transcription during ART treatment.
no such glycosylation pattern was found on the surface of HIV-infected cells where the virus was tweed, providing a differentiated feature between the two cell types.
interestingly, they also found that HIV itself promotes changes in the surface sugar histology of these cells.
6.eLife: Protein MARCH8 uses different mechanisms to suppress HIV and VSV infection doi:10.7554/eLife.57763 In a new study, researchers from Japan's National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Yamanashi University and Nagasaki International University found that a protein called MARCH8 is labeled as a blistered oral inflammatory virus (VSV) in order to protect humans from infection.
study was published in the journal eLife on August 11, 2020 under the title "MARCH8 reseds viral by two different mechanisms".
!--/ewebeditor:page--!--ewebeditor:page"--previous studies have shown that MARCH8 prevents both viruses from entering human cells by targeting the viral proteins necessary for HIV and VSV to enter human cells.
but how this protein does this remains unclear.
the authors speculate that MARCH8 may mark an important VSV envelope protein by targeting a special amino acid called lysine so that it can subsequently suffer.