Heavy article interpretation of recent years in the field of embryonic stem cell research new achievements!

!-- webeditor:page title" -- In this article, we have compiled several important research results to jointly interpret the new advances that scientists have made in embryonic stem cell research in recent years and share them with you! Photo credit: CC0 Public Domain Science: Heavy! In a new study, researchers at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania in the United States found that autophagy, called CMA (chaperone-mediated autophagy, a molecular companion-mediated autophagy), may be used as a new treatment target for repairing or regenerating damaged cells and organs.
study was published in the journal Science.
contains more than 200 different types of specialized cells.
all these cells can be differentiated by embryonic stem cells (ESCs).
embryonic stem cells are constantly self-renewing, while retaining the ability to differentiate into any type of cell in adult animals, a condition known as erration.
scientists already know that cell metabolism plays a role in this process, but it's unclear exactly how the cell's internal lines work to maintain this state and ultimately determine the fate of stem cells.
This new preclinical study is the first to show how embryonic stem cells keep CMA low to promote this self-renewal, and we reveal two new ways that could manipulate embryonic stem cell self-renewal and differentiation to turn off this inhibition to enhance CMA activity and differentiate them into specialized cells.
: Nature: Heavy! Scientists have successfully developed a human embryo-like model using human embryonic stem cells! Doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2383-9 In a recent study published in the international journal Nature, scientists from Cambridge University and other institutions developed a new model to study the early stages of human development using embryonic stem cells.
This model, similar to some of the key elements of an 18-21-day-old embryo, could help researchers observe potential processes of human body formation that have never been directly observed before, and understanding these processes could help researchers uncover the causes of human-born defects and diseases, as well as conduct relevant tests in pregnant women.
This program or body blueprint begins through a process called "primary embryo formation", in which the embryo forms three different layers of cells, which are then transformed into the body's main system, i.e. the outer embryo layer forms the nervous system, the middle embryo layer can form muscles, and the inner embryo layer can form the intestine.
The primary embryo stage is often referred to as the "black box" of human development because of legal restrictions prohibiting the cultivation of human embryos in the laboratory after the 14th day, a process that begins on the 14th day, when the embryo cannot form twins.
: Cell Rep: Research reveals the importance of RNA molecules for embryonic stem cell differentiation Doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.011 Embryonic Stem Cells (ESC) have the dual ability of self-renewal and differentiation potential, both of which require strict regulatory control.
in the process of ESC differentiation, stem cells develop into special cell types, such as skin cells, nerve cells, muscle cells, etc.
although our understanding of ES cell regulation mainly lies in transcription and prescular genetic differences, we still know little about the role of post-transcription regulation.
recently, a Danish team of researchers discovered a relationship between elevated levels of nuclear RNA regulated by PolyA-tail eXosome Targeting' (PAXT) and transcription of Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2).
researchers suggest that excess RNA can block PRC2's function by isolating DNA.
their results emphasize the importance of the smooth state of nuclear RNA water and demonstrate the ability of large molecule RNA to regulate chromatin-related proteins.
. MSB: How does the time fluctuation of transcription factor concentration or the time change of protein concentration affecting the differentiation fate of embryonic stem cells doi:10.15252/msb.20199002 How does the time change affect biology? This is a problem that biologists have only recently begun to study, and a growing body of research has shown that random time changes in a particular number of proteins play a direct and important role in the biological process.
a recent study published in the international journal Molucular Systems Biology, scientists from institutions such as the Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne, Switzerland, found that time fluctuations in protein concentrations can determine the type of cells that embryonic stem cells convert. in the
article, the researchers studied two important transcription factors called SOX2 and OCT4, whose levels change over time in embryonic stem cells and are important for the self-renewal and differentiation of embryonic stem cells into specific cell types.
To monitor the time fluctuations of transcription factors, the researchers performed a very complex genetic engineering operation, creating five knock-in "reporting" genes on an embryonic stem cell line, which are genes attached to the gene in question that produce visible signals, such as fluorescence, when the target gene is expressed in the cell, and then "report" when it produces the protein.
: Nat Biotechnol: Human embryonic stem cell source of epicardial membrane cells to enhance the heart muscle cell-driven heart regeneration doi:10.1038/s41587-019-0197-9 epicardial membrane and its derivatives for development and adult heart to provide nutritional and structural support.
To this end, Charles E. Murray of the University of Washington and Sanjay Sinha of the University of Cambridge have teamed up to test the ability of the epicardial membrane from human embryonic stem cells (hESC) to enhance the structure and function of engineered heart tissue in-body and to improve the efficacy of hESC-myocardial cell transplantation in the heart of myocardial infarction rats.
study was published in the journal Nature Biotechnology.
!--/ewebeditor:page--!--ewebeditor:page title"--compared to interstitial interstitial cells, epicardial membrane cells significantly enhance the contraction, myogen fiber structure, and calcium processing power of human-engineered heart tissue, reducing passive stiffness.
-transplanted epicardial cells form long-lasting fibroblast transplants in the infarction heart.
hESC-sourced joint transplantation of epicardial and cardiomyocyte cells in the body doubled the rate of proliferation of the transplanted heart muscle cells, increased the size of the heart graft by 2.6 times, and enhanced the vascularization of the graft and host.
note that joint transplantation improves the contraction of the heart compared to the heart that receives myocardial cells, epicardial cells, or vectors alone.
photo source: Mijo Simunovic et al.doi:10.1038/s41556-019-0349-7. Stem cell-constructed embryos reveal how BMP4 destroys embryo symmetry doi:10.1038/s41556-019-0349-7 How human embryos break symmetry is a mystery.
in a new study, researchers from Rockefeller University in the United States used human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) to build early human embryo models in the lab that were more complex than those previously built in any previous lab.
they also found that the use of protein BMP4 disrupted the symmetry of these embryonic models, called embryos, or from spheres to structures with front and back ends.
surprising, this could happen in embryos containing BMP4 but no maternal factors or extra-embryonic tissue, the study was published in the journal Nature Biology.
researchers say this process of symmetrical destruction is an important holy grail in developmental biology.
I really feel like I'm studying one of the most mysterious aspects of our own existence.
The researchers placed isolated human embryonic stem cells in petri dishes containing hydrogels and extracellular substation-like stents and found that they assembled themselves into spheres equivalent to those of a 10-day-old human embryo, known as the upper embryo stage, or embryo.
when they added BMP4, these embryos showed front and back polarity, including signs similar to the original stripes, creating a midline in the embryo.
: How do I maintain the infinite potential of embryonic stem cells? doi:10.1038/s41467-018-07528-9 Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs) have full potential to transform into cells of any type in the body Once it begins to transform into a particular tissue along a particular path, embryonic stem cells lose their infinite potential, and now scientists are trying to understand how and why this process occurs, with the aim of developing new regenerative therapies that induce the body's own cells to replace damaged or diseased organs.
In a recent study published in the international journal Nature Communications, scientists from the Salk Institute developed a new protein complex that inhibits stem cell development and allows it to maintain unlimited potential; professor Diana Hargreaves,
researcher, said: 'In this study, we started with the exploration of embryonic stem cell ermopotentity, which promotes the transformation of embryonic stem cells into any type of cell in the body, and it is important to clarify the importance of controlling the multi-gene network of stem cell multi-potential, so it makes sense for researchers to find an unknown protein that plays a key role in this regulatory process.'
each cell in the body has the same set of DNA components, which contain instructions to make each possible cell type, and large protein complexes (chromosomal remodelers) activate or silence gene expression to guide embryonic stem cells into a In a particular path, like a group of contractors planning to renovate the house, these egg complexes also contain multiple sub-units, a combination of which can alter the physical shape of DNA and determine which genes can direct stem cells to differentiate into lung cells or brain cells.
: Embryonic stem cells are self-assembled in-body into embryo-like structure doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0578-0 The structure of the mammalian body is established shortly after the embryo is implanted into the uterus.
the body's front and rear axles, back and abdominal shafts, and the median outer axis are regulated by a network of genes that coordinate DNA transcription in various regions of the embryo.
now, in a new study, researchers from the University of Geneva in Switzerland, the Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne and the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom reported that mouse embryonic stem cells produce pseudo-embryos (pseudo-embryos) that exhibit similar abilities.
study was published online online in the journal Nature.
structures, known as gastruloids, consist of only about 300 embryonic stem cells and exhibit developmental characteristics similar to those of the back of embryos between the age of 6 and 10 days.
the study, the three main embryo axes are formed based on gene expression procedures similar to embryos.
, the primary embryo has significant potential for studying the early stages of normal or pathological embryo development in mammals.
it is difficult to study the process of coordinating their formation because of the difficulty of obtaining early mammalian embryos.
Alponso Martinez Arias, a professor in the Department of Genetics at the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom, and his team recently found that under certain conditions, mouse embryonic stem cells can be assembled into three-dimensional aggregates that continue to elongate during in vitro culture.
these entities, known as "primary embryos," show different characteristics in the early stages of embryonic development.
: In a new study, researchers from Boston Children's Hospital and the University of California, San Francisco described a new way to build customized mouse models to study the brain, using embryonic stem cells to build customized brain regions from the head: 10.1038/s41586-018-0586-0 In a new study, researchers from Boston Children's Hospital and the University of California, San Francisco described a new approach.
, a natural toxin can be used to kill young brain cells that normally grow in the fore brain in mouse embryos.
can then reconstruct the developing fore brains of mice using genetically modified embryonic stem cells containing specific genetic modifications needed for research.
study was published online online in the journal Nature.
!--/ewebeditor:page--!--ewebeditor:page-title" -- this "forebrain substitution" causes genetic characteristics to be tightly controlled in fully functional mouse cubs, allowing scientists to study with greater control how specific genes affect brain disease.
S. Fred Alt, a researcher, said, "We see this strategy as a new platform for neurobiologists to study many aspects of the brain, from the basics of which genes control brain development to the possibility of finding new gene therapies for brain cancer and mental illness."
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