"Good medicine" becomes "poison" is actually the "pot" of intestinal bacteria.

even the Nobel Prize-winning PD-1 antibody drug is "overshadowed" in the face of patients who use antibiotics. When the patient uses antibiotics, the intestinal bacteria change, which in turn affects the effect of the drug on the human body. How effective the drug is, but also see the "bacteria" color.
recently, researchers at Princeton University in the United States developed a systematic way to evaluate the transformation or metabolism of oral drugs in a person's gut bacteria, opening up a "black box" of why people react differently to the same drug.
study showed a more complete picture of how gut bacteria metabolize drugs, helping to develop personalized drugs that work better for individual gut microbiotics. The study was published June 11 in the journal Cell.there are a variety of bacteria in the human body, hundreds of species of bacteria in the gut, the total number of bacteria more than 100 trillion, it is these bacteria make up our complex intestinal bacterium, its abstract state is called intestinal micro-ecology. When drugs enter the body, these micro-ecosystems, invisible to the naked eye, are playing a good or bad role in "smouldering".
Princeton University first collected 21 stool samples from anonymous donors and classified the types of bacteria in each individual. The researchers found that the donors had a special bacterium inside their intestines, some of which could grow through the current laboratory culture system.
, the researchers selected 575 FDA-approved drugs and used a combination of biochemical and analytical chemistry to observe their metabolic response to the cultured bacteria.
study found that 57 cases of gut bacteria could alter 438 drugs that had been effectively analyzed, 80 percent of which had not been found in previous studies.
study's co-lead author, Bahar Javdan, a doctoral student in molecular biology at Princeton University, said. "We found in our study that everyone's gut bacteria are unique. In addition, we observed three main types of drugs, namely, drugs that can be metabolized by all microorganisms, drugs that are metabolized by certain microorganisms, and drugs that are not affected by any microbial metabolism. In
other words, the results suggest that adverse changes in the gut bacteria to oral drugs can be two: converting the drug into an inactive state, reducing the efficacy of the drug, or converting the drug into a toxic form that can cause side effects.humans and gut bacteria, together to form a complete life. In the past, the effects of intestinal bacteria on drugs were often overlooked, and it was thought that when entering the intestines, they were absorbed directly and did not work with the intestinal bacteria. In recent years, researchers have become increasingly concerned about the "communication" between gut bacteria and drugs.
The biological process after the drug enters the body is divided into direct process and indirect process, there are three main forms, one is the intestinal bacteria directly involved in the metabolism of the drug composition, the other is that the intestinal bacterus group changes the state of the body indirectly affects the drug composition in the body's action process, and the third is the drug-promoting intestinal bacteria to produce other substances acting on the body. "Of course, good bacteria do good things, bad germs do bad things, " Zhang Invention, director of the Bowel Disease Center at Nanjing Medical University's Second Affiliated Hospital, told China Science Daily. In
, a team of researchers at Yale University in the United States and the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, Switzerland, also conducted experiments last year on the effects of gut microbes on drugs.
, last year's study looked at the effects of different strains and 271 clinical drugs, examining how a single type of gut bacteria metabolized oral drugs.
the latest study looked at the mechanism of action between the entire gut bacteria and the drug, and the new framework could simultaneously assess a person's entire gut microeconscilation. "This is a case of medical and ecological interactions in which bacteria in these bacteriums interact with each other. We would never have seen this if it hadn't been for research in a bacterus. The report's co-lead author, Jaime Lopez, a graduate student at Princeton University's Lewis-sigler Institute for Integrated Genomics, said.
of these two different forms of research, Zhang said: "Each has its own advantages." Studying the interaction between a single bacterium and a drug facilitates industrial production, but that means that the way it is studied may "go back to the 'old way' of microbial research of the last century - the study of a single microbe." In
, the study of microbes dates back to the 17th century when Antonie van Leeuwenhoek first began to use his newly developed hand-developed microscope to study microbes. In the 20th century, especially in the early 20th century, the study of microorganisms mainly focused on the study of a single microorganism, and it is easier to build all the results.
as the path to a single bacterium becomes narrower, researchers are looking at bacterial groups. "Single bacterial culture is relatively simple, while simulating the culture of multiple bacteria and microorganisms is relatively difficult. From a single cognition to a group cognition, the overall value can be better obtained. Zhang said.
in practical application, the study of intestinal bacteria is more accurate than the study of a single strain. "It may not be correct to apply experimental knowledge of a single bacteria to the human body, because the human environment is obviously too complex, " Zhang explains.
researchers also note in the report: "The final results of microbiome members acting on the same drug can be identified only in mixed microbiomes rather than isolated experiments, unless all pairs and higher order are tested." However
does not mean that the study of a single strain is useless. Zhang believes that "transplanting the efficacy of the bacterus group is greater than taking a single strain; Researchers at
Princeton University commented on the two approaches, saying: "We believe that the two methods complement each other and provide a personalized view of drug metabolism while selecting drugs for these optimized, well-defined groups of supply sources." The combination of the two approaches will be a valuable resource for the scientific community to further study the details of the technology and the consequences of newly discovered drug-microbial interactions. The , whether it is the study of a single bacteria or the study of bacteriums, will eventually be applied to the actual application, providing reference for drug development.
researchers have shown that microbial metabolism-based studies can be demonstrated through mouse models, the first step in adapting to human drug development methods.
understands that this framework is important for the discovery of new drugs and can also help better analyze the toxicity and efficacy of the drugs tested during clinical trials.
Zhang's invention is full of expectations, "whether it is traditional chemicals, or strong biopharmaceuticals, have begun to pay attention to the research and development of targeted gut bacteria, there will be many important discoveries." In
years, dung transplantation as an efficient way to rebuild the intestinal bacteria, promote drug efficacy and reduce drug damage has attracted much attention, Zhang invention team in this field "pioneer" for many years, accumulated a wealth of experience. "It's going to be difficult to explore this field, but I believe the discovery and innovation in this area will be revolutionary." (Source: Tian Ruiying, China Science Journal)
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