-
Categories
-
Pharmaceutical Intermediates
-
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients
-
Food Additives
- Industrial Coatings
- Agrochemicals
- Dyes and Pigments
- Surfactant
- Flavors and Fragrances
- Chemical Reagents
- Catalyst and Auxiliary
- Natural Products
- Inorganic Chemistry
-
Organic Chemistry
-
Biochemical Engineering
- Analytical Chemistry
-
Cosmetic Ingredient
- Water Treatment Chemical
-
Pharmaceutical Intermediates
Promotion
ECHEMI Mall
Wholesale
Weekly Price
Exhibition
News
-
Trade Service
Species distributed in spatially heterogeneous environments often exhibit different traits and phenotypes between geographic populations to improve resilience to the environment
.
These differences between populations play an important role
in maintaining genetic and functional diversity and addressing climate change.
Revealing the molecular basis of differences between populations can not only provide key clues for studying species evolution and environmental adaptation mechanisms, but also provide more accurate theoretical models
for predicting species survival and distribution under the background of global climate change.
Narrow-range species are more susceptible to environmental change than broad-area species
.
Theoretically, interpopulation variability at microgeographic scales may be more closely related to environmental gradients, and in order to better understand the impacts of climate change on biodiversity, revealing the adaptation mechanisms of narrow species to the environment is critical and poorly
studied.
Metabolic molecules are the end product of cellular processes, and their changes can reflect the final effects
of genetic variation and molecular signal transduction.
The metabolic profile of an organism can not only directly reflect the adaptive strategies of animals, but also provide clues for studying genetic mechanisms; Most importantly, exploring the environmental adaptability of animals at the metabolic level can simultaneously characterize the physiological
and metabolic changes caused by genetic variation and adaptive plasticity.
In addition, the evaluation of environmental animal interactions needs to fully consider the structure and function of symbiotic microbiota, because symbiotic microorganisms are the second genome of the animal host, participating in the digestion, metabolism, immunity and environmental adaptation of the host, and the host and its symbiotic microbiota participate in environmental adaptation and evolution
in the form of symbiotic functional bodies (holobiont).
。 Although existing studies have shown that host metabolism and intestinal flora structure and function are affected by environmental factors, the correlation between these changes and environmental heterogeneity is not clear, and the form in which the host's own metabolism and microbiota participate in environmental adaptation, and how to coordinate and harmonize the two, need further research
.
Hengduan Mountain is located in the southeast
of the Tibetan Plateau.
Due to its unique geographical features, climatic factors (such as temperature and precipitation) in Hengduan Mountain Area present significant spatial heterogeneity, resulting in the existence of many different ecosystems
in the region.
The reptile diversity is high in this area, among which the species of the genus Diploderma is clearly differentiated, and they are regionally distributed in the hot and dry valleys of the
Hengduan Mountains.
These animals have a weak migration capacity (< 10 km), which is an ideal model
for studying environmental adaptation at microgeographic scales.
To this end, Jiang Jianping's team and Qi Yin's team of Chengdu Institute of Biology took climbing lizard species as the object, explored the strategy and molecular basis of the spatial heterogeneity of ectothermic animals in response to environmental heterogeneity from the perspectives of multi-organ metabolism and intestinal symbiotic flora, and made the following two assumptions:
(1) Differences in metabolism and symbiosis between different geographical populations are related to differences in the environment in which the populations are located
.
(2) The host's own metabolism and symbiotic flora may participate in the response of different environmental factors, and then complement the adaptation
of animals to heterogeneous environments.
First, we explore the response
of ectotherms to heterogeneous environments at the single-species level, using the sailback climbing lizard (D.
vela) from different geographical populations.
We compared three geographic populations (Northern, Central, and South; more than 40 km apart) in muscle and liver metabolism, as well as differences
in the structure of the intestinal flora.
These three geographical populations are distributed north-south along the Lancang River, and there is a clear climatic boundary between the northern and central populations, while the central and southern populations have considerable spatial distances, but there is no obvious difference in the climatic environment.
This leaves the northern population living in colder, aridtier and barren
environments compared to the other two.
Consistent with the spatial changes of the environment, individuals in the northern population and the central and southern populations had significant differences in muscle and liver metabolic profiles and intestinal flora structure.
There was no difference
between individuals in the central and southern populations.
This result suggests that both the animal's own metabolism and its symbiotic flora may be involved in the response to environmental heterogeneity, confirming our first hypothesis
.
At the host metabolism level, the main differences between northern and central and southern populations include phospholipid composition (eg, LPC 18:1, LPE 18:1, LPE18:2, etc.
), coenzyme levels (eg, pyridoxal phosphate and NAD).
+ etc.
) and sterol hormone levels (eg, progestogens, estrogens, androgens, etc.
), and their involvement in physiological metabolic functions suggest that interpopulation differences in the sailback climbing lizard are conducive to coping with spatial changes
in ambient temperature, drought, and resource abundance.
In terms of symbiotic flora, the northern populations are highly abundant in the phylum Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, while the Proteobacteria phylum (Proteobacteria).
low abundance; Interestingly, the central and southern flora are located in a warmer and humid environment, and the intestinal flora has a higher abundance of antifungal activity, which may be conducive to preventing the colonization
of fungal pathogens.
In addition, there is a strong correlation between host metabolites (eg, androgens and cholates) and the abundance of intestinal flora (eg, Erysipelotrichaceae).
This suggests that host metabolism and gut microbiota may interact to achieve environmental adaptation
.
The results were published in Integrative Zoology
.
We then compared 3 species of the genus Climbing Lizard (Emerald Dragon Lizard/D.
iadinum, Jade Dragon Lizard/D.
yulongense, and Sailback Dragon Lizard/D.
Vela) 11 geographic populations in organ metabolism (liver and muscle) and gut microbial community composition and their correlation with changes in environmental factors
.
Unlike the individual species described above, the area covered by these 11 populations did not change uniformly between different climatic factors (such as temperature and rainfall), showing more significant spatial heterogeneity
.
The results showed that the interpopulation differences in muscle metabolism profiles were most correlated with the phylogenetic relationship of species, and were less affected by environmental differences.
However, the differences in liver metabolism between populations are most correlated with the primary net productivity (NPP) levels of the environments in which different geographical populations are located, and the correlation with phylogenetic relations is relatively weak, suggesting that the liver may play an important role in responding to resource abundance.
The interpopulation differences of intestinal microbiota are closely related to changes in ambient temperature (annual mean temperature) and not to host phylogenetic relationships, suggesting that commensal microbiota may be involved in the host's response to
environmental temperature changes.
These results confirm our second hypothesis, while also suggesting that organ heterogeneity in environmental response may be an important factor in dragon lizards' adaptation to complex environments (figure below).
Interestingly, we found that the populations of Sailback Climbing Lizard and Jade Dragon Climbing Lizard, which inhabit cold environments, were similar to each other, and the similarity was higher than that of warm environment populations within the same species, showing obvious convergence changes
.
Specifically, amino acid metabolism (especially glutathione cyclic products) is the most obvious interspecific difference, suggesting that this metabolic pathway is of great significance in the genetic differentiation of climbing lizard species.
The transition between nicotinamide and NAD+ in the liver showed a strong correlation with the level of NPP in the environment, considering NAD+ The key role in energy balance and resource response, this result suggests the metabolic adaptation of climbing lizards to resource heterogeneity; In addition, host metabolism and symbiotic microbiota responded significantly to ambient temperature, with higher levels of glycerophosphate, glycerol-3-phosphocholine and agonist in the liver, higher levels of carnosine in muscles, and levels of Lachospiraceae in the gut in populations living in cold environments Intestinimonas butyricproducens are highly abundant, and their function is conducive to the maintenance
of metabolic and physiological functions in a low temperature environment.
The results were published in Frontiers in Microbiology
.
The research was supported by the Second Scientific Expedition to the Tibetan Plateau (2019QZKK05010503, 2019QZKK04020202) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31900327).
Original link 1
Original link 2
Schematic diagram of
the results.
The hour, minute, and second hands of the clock symbolize the climbing lizard's muscle, liver, and gut microbiota, respectively, pointing to their respective major determinants
.
The speed at which the clock hands move symbolizes how well
the organ's metabolome and gut microbiome respond to climatic factors.
