For the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19, The Latest Research Progress in The Journal of Science (No. 2)

, June 28, 2020 /
Biovalley
BIOON/--- Since December 8, 2019, several cases of pneumonia with unknown etiology have been reported in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. Most of the patients work edtherece at or near the local South China Seafood Wholesale Market. In the early stages of this pneumonia, severe symptoms of acute respiratory infections develop, and some patients develop rapidly into acute respiratory distress syndrome, ARDS, acute respiratory failure and other serious complications. On January 7, 2020, the China Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) identified a new coronavirus from a patient's pharynx sample, initially named 2019-nCoV by the World Health Organization (WHO). Most patients with 2019-nCoV pneumonia have mild symptoms and a good prognosis. So far, some patients have developed severe pneumonia, pulmonary edema, ARDS or multiple organ failure and death.11 February 2020, WHO renamed the disease 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19). On the same day, the Coronary Virus Research Group of the International Committee on Virus Classification and Naming viruses published an article in bioRxiv, noting that the team had decided that the new coronavirus 2019-nCoV was a variant of the 2002-2003 outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV. Therefore, the new pathogen was renamed Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2, or SARS-CoV-2. It is worth noting that although the International Virus Classification Board's Coronary Virus Research Group named the virus SARS-CoV-2, the team's chairman, John Ziebuhr, does not believe that the name (SARS-CoV-2) is associated with SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, also known as atypical pneumonia). However, the renaming of the virus has caused a lot of controversy. The World Health Organization is not satisfied with the name SARS-CoV-2 and does not intend to use it, Science.com reported.coronavirus can cause multi-system infections in a variety of animals. Prior to this, there were six coronaviruses that could infect humans, mainly causing respiratory infections in humans: two highly deadly coronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV) and MERS (MERS) coronaviruses (MERS-CoV);based on the serious harm caused by the outbreak in China and around the world, the small group combed through the 2019-nCoV/COVID-19 study published in the journal Science to reach readers.
1.
. Two science papers indicate that in rhesus monkeys,
DNA vaccine
prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection, and that previous infections can prevent reinfection
doi: 10.1126/science.abc6284; doi: 10.1126/science.abc4776 nearly 5 million confirmed cases worldwide, more than 300,000 people have died from CO-VID-19, but more than 300,000 people have died of CO-VID-19, but the disease is still known for the disease. The two key questions are whether the vaccine will prevent the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 infection and whether people who have recovered from COVID-19 can avoid reinfection. Two new studies, led by researchers at the Beth Israel Deacons Medical Center (BIDMC) in the United States, offer new insights into these questions. The findings, published online May 20, 2020 in the journal Science, are entitled "Vaccine DNA Protection Against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus macaques" and "SARS-CoV-2 infection protectss againschallenge rein rheus macaques".in the first study, the researchers confirmed that six candidate
DNA vaccines
induce neutralizing antibody reactions in rhesus monkeys and preventing them from contracting SARS-CoV-2. Barouch and his colleagues began developing the COVID-19 vaccine in mid-January, when Chinese scientists released the viral genome, and developed a series of candidate DNA vaccines that express the antidotic variant of the stinging protein, which is a key antibody target for the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. These vaccines are designed to train the body's immune system to quickly recognize and respond to the virus after exposure.to assess the efficacy of the vaccines, the researchers immunized 25 adult rhesus monkeys with a studied DNA vaccine and 10 more were given simulated controls. Vaccinated rhesus monkeys produce antiviral neutralizing antibodies. After three weeks of intensive vaccination, all 35 rhesus monkeys were exposed to the virus. Follow-up tests showed a significant reduction in viral load in vaccinated rhesus monkeys compared to the control group. Of the 25 vaccinated rhesus monkeys, eight showed no detectable virus at any point in time after exposure to the virus, and the remaining 17 had lower levels of the virus. In addition, higher antibody levels are associated with lower viral loads, suggesting that neutralizing antibodies may be a relevant factor in protection and may prove to be a benchmark for clinically tested SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.in a second study, the researchers confirmed that rhesus monkeys recovered from COVID-19 produce natural protective immunity against reinfection. "Individuals who recover from many viral infections often produce antibodies that prevent reinfection, but not all virus infections produce this natural protective immunity," Barouch said. " the researchers exposed nine adult rhesus monkeys to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and as they recovered, they monitored their virus levels. All nine animals recovered and produced antiviral antibodies. More than a month after the initial infection, they exposed the rhesus monkeys to the virus again. After the second exposure, they are almost completely prevented from re-infection of the virus. These data show that the animal model has a natural protective immunity to COVID-19 after the initial infection.
2.
. Science: Local changes in climate are unlikely to lead to an early COVID-19 pandemic
doi: 10.1126/science.abc2535 In a new study, researchers at Princeton University in the United States found that localized climate changes are unlikely to lead the first wave of COVID-19 outbreaks. They found that large numbers of people remain vulnerable to the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 strain that causes the COVID-19 outbreak, and that the rate of transmission of the pathogen means that climatic conditions can only affect current infection rates. The findings were published online May 18, 2020 in the journal Science, under the title "Supply Limits the role of the climate in the early SARS-CoV-2 pandemic". "We predict that warmer or wetter climates will not slow the spread of the virus in the early stages of the COVID-19 outbreak," said Rachel Baker, lead author and communications associate at Princeton University's Princeton Institute for the Environment.We do observe that climate has some effect on the scale and timing of the COVID-19 outbreak, but overall, because so many people in the population are susceptible to the virus, the virus can spread rapidly, regardless of the climatic conditions.Baker said the rapid spread of the virus in Brazil, Ecuador, Australia and other tropical and southern hemisphere countries--- where the virus began to circulate during the summer--- suggests that warmer conditions do not help prevent the COVID-19 outbreak.
3.
. Science: Quantifying the impact of different interventions on the number of CASES of COVID-19
doi: 10.1126/science.abb789 In a new study, researchers from the Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization in Germany and the University of G?ttingen have now successfully analyzed the number of CASES of COVID-19 in Germany related to past containment measures and will present the situation in the coming weeks. Their computer models can also provide new insights into the effectiveness of interventions in other countries. The findings were published online May 15, 2020 in the journal Science, under the title "Inferring change points in the spread of THE COVID-19 reveals the effectiveness of the interventions".
images from Science, 2020, doi:10.1126/science.abb789. , many are watching for how effective the interventions to contain the outbreak in recent weeks will work and how things will unfold in the coming weeks. Scientists at the Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization have been studying these issues. They have been simulating the outbreak of the new crown virus in Germany since mid-March, along with scientists at the University of G?ttingen. In their model calculations, the researchers linked the gradual increase in restrictions on public life in March to the development of COVID-19 cases. In particular, they studied the impact of three sets of interventions in March: the cancellation of large public events around 8 March, the closure of educational institutions and many shops on 16 March, and the widespread ban on contact on 22 March. , the researchers combined time-process data for new COVID-19 infections with epidemiological dynamics models to analyze the development of the outbreak to date and study future scenarios. According to computer models, the containment package initially slowed the spread of COVID-19 and ultimately stopped the dreaded exponential growth. "Our analysis clearly shows the effectiveness of interventions that ultimately lead to strong trend reversals," said Viola Priesemann, author of the paper and head of the Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization. Therefore, our model calculations show us the overall impact of changes in people's behavior that are closely related to interventions. " in this new study, these researchers didn't just think about Germany. "From the beginning, we designed our computer model so that it could be applied to other countries and regions," said Jonas Dehning, co-lead author of the paper. Our analysis tools are available free of charge on GitHub and have been used and further developed by researchers around the world. "Currently, these researchers are working to apply this model to European countries. It is particularly important to identify different points in time for interventions in different countries, which can lead us to draw conclusions about the effectiveness of interventions.
4.
. Science: Only 4.4 percent of people in France are infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus, well below the level required for group immunity
doi: 10.1126/science.abc3517 In a new study, researchers from France, the United Kingdom and the United States found that only 4.4 percent of people in France are infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus, far less than the proportion required for group iimmunes. The findings were published online May 13, 2020 in the journal Science, under the title "Estimating the burden of SARS-CoV-2 in France". In this paper, they describe their study of French hospital and monitoring data and the resulting findings.as the COVID-19 pandemic continues to spread globally, many countries have begun to work to resolve the issue of when to relax the embargo restrictions imposed to slow the spread of COVID-19. Such restrictions are designed to "flatten the growth curve" of the outbreak to prevent hospitals and other medical facilities from overworked. But such restrictions have led to economic problems -- business failures, layoffs and slower sales -- that have plunged many countries into recession. As medical experts warn that vaccines and even drugs to treat the disease could take a year or more, world leaders are under pressure to lift restrictions now, and many have softened their stance. On May 11th France lifted many restrictions to allow people to return to work, despite new rules such as social distance.as countries, including France, began to lift restrictions, medical scientists began to speak out about the problems that could arise if they were lifted too quickly. They point out that in the absence of a vaccine, the only way out of a pandemic is through mass immunity, where enough people carry antibodies and the virus destroys itself (assuming it is carried).