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Reviews | Hu Chi An (Institute of Brain and Intelligence, Army Medical University) and Xu Tianle (Shanghai Jiao Tong University)
Maintaining a constant body temperature is a necessary condition for the normal survival and efficient performance of various life activities in mammals, which is subject to the fine neural regulation
of the brain 。 It is known that the preoptic area POA of the hypothalamic thermoregulation center monitors the changes of internal and external temperature in real time through the feed-forward regulation mechanism driven by external temperature changes and the feedback regulation mechanism driven by internal temperature changes, controls the peripheral heat effect organ work, and finally stabilizes the body temperature in a constant range
.
Great progress has been made in the study of feedforward regulation mechanism [1,2], please refer to the summary of Shen Wei et al.
in the journal Sci China Life Sci [3].
For example, Shen Wei's lab identified a key neural circuit for POA to respond to external ambient temperature, maintain body temperature and regulate peripheral effector organs (Proc Natl Acad Sci 2017; Science Advances 2020), which was rated as an important milestone innovation by the PNAS magazine [4]
。 Compared with the feedforward regulation mechanism, there are still many gaps
in the research of feedback regulation mechanism.
In addition, and more importantly, key molecular targets that can regulate body temperature are still lacking
.
Therefore, Shen Wei's team began to explore the feedback regulation mechanism
of body temperature regulation in 2015.
Although early researchers found that changing the temperature of the preoptic POA of the hypothalamus with circulating water, etc.
, caused feedback thermoregulation [5-10].
However, because thermostats such as circulating water applied to large animals cannot be directly applied to mice, a genetic resource-rich animal model, it limits people to identify the key molecules of the brain to sense internal temperature and reveal the neural mechanism
of feedback thermoregulation.
On December 6, 2022, Professor Shen Wei from the School of Life Science and Technology of ShanghaiTech University (SSTC), Assistant Researcher Wen Yang from the Institute of Immunochemistry of SSTC, and Professor Zhang Jie from the Key Laboratory of Body Temperature and Inflammation in Sichuan Province, Chengdu Medical College, published a presentation on Neuron online Research paper on Hypothalamicwarm-sensitiveneuronsrequireTRPC4channelfordetecting internalwarmthandregulatingbodytemperatureinmice.
The study found that the brain's internal thermoreceptors, heat-sensitive neurons, rely on TRPC4 ion channels to sense internal temperature and maintain body temperature, and may be a novel molecular target for regulating body temperature
.
Schematic diagram of
"Mouse Paradise".
Green plants illustrate TRPC4 ion channels, and caves illustrate cerebral
cortex.
In this study, the researchers cleverly used the thermal effect of laser to create a brain temperature control device suitable for mouse models, which can accurately change and measure the internal temperature
of the brain in the free movement of mice.
Subsequently, the researchers used the device to confirm the presence of internal thermoreceptors in the mouse brains that sense high temperatures in the brain, which feedback reduces core body temperature
.
The authors further drew a "cooling map"
of neurons in each subregion of POA that are stimulated by light and heat to reduce body temperature.
In order to find molecules that mediate internal temperature sensation, the authors re-analyzed the published single-cell RNA sequencing data of Wang Tongfei et al.
[11] and screened out some TRP ion channels
that may be involved in internal temperature sensation in the brain.
Finally, the transient receptor potential cation channel (Subfamily C, Member 4, TRPC4) mediated the POA subregion by gene knockout, RNA interference, electrophysiology and other means.
Inhibited heat-sensitive neurons in the medial preoptic area (MPA) sense temperature, set body temperature, resist high temperature and fever, and are important thermoregulatory molecules
.
In order to explore whether TRPC4 may become a molecular target for temperature manipulation and provide a novel drug target for clinical hypothermia therapy and antagonistic thermoregulatory diseases, such as heat shock and central fever, the authors further used the agonists and inhibitors of TRPC4 to study its effect
on body temperature.
The authors found that these agents regulate body temperature bidirectionally, which makes TRPC4 a potential novel drug target for temperature manipulation
.
.
Professor Shen Wei from the School of Life Science and Technology of Shanghai University of Science and Technology, Assistant Researcher Yang Wen from the Institute of Immunochemistry of Shanghai University of Science and Technology, and Professor Zhang Jie from the Key Laboratory of Body Temperature and Inflammation of Sichuan Province of Chengdu Medical College are the co-corresponding authors
of the study.
Qian Zhou (currently a postdoctoral fellow at ShanghaiTech University), a 2017 doctoral student in Shen Wei's group, Fu Xin (currently a postdoctoral fellow at Tsinghua University), and Xu Jianhui, a 2017 doctoral student in Shen Wei's group, are co-first authors
of this paper.
Experts commented that Ho Chi An (Professor of the Institute of Brain and Intelligence of the Army Medical University) Similar to sleep, relatively constant body temperature is one of the necessary conditions for the normal survival of the human body and efficient performance of
various life activities.
As an important aspect of homeostasis, the maintenance of body temperature is strictly regulated by the
nervous system.
As the highest "command" of the body, the relative constant temperature of the brain is also crucial
for the efficient operation of the body.
In early studies of thermoregulation, researchers found that heating the hypothalamic preoptic area (POA) caused hypothermia [2].
Neurons in the hypothalamic POA region are not only responsible for thermoregulation, but also for controlling various other homeostasis in the body (such as sleep, etc.
) [12-14].
How to specifically label thermofeedback-regulated cell subtypes and molecular basis is an important question
in the field of thermoregulation.
Unfortunately, the cellular and molecular systems in which POA conducts temperature changes inside the brain for many years have not been clearly resolved
.
Shen Wei's team from ShanghaiTech University, together with Assistant Researcher Yang Wen of the Institute of Exemption of Shanghai University of Science and Technology, Professor Zhang Jie of Chengdu Medical College, cleverly used the laser heating effect to accurately change the internal temperature of the brain in the awake and free activity state of mice, and discovered the change
of brain internal temperature and core body temperature 。 Furthermore, the research team used the Bioinformation analysis tool to re-analyze the sequencing data in the published literature, and then combined with gene knockout/cell-specific knockdown, pharmacological activation/inhibition, TRPC4 was identified for the first time as a key molecule
responsible for conducting temperature signals inside the brain in suppressive heat-sensitive neurons in the prelateral visual area (MPA) of the hypothalamic POA subregion.
The TRPC4 and TRPC4-expressing neurons involved in temperature regulation found in this study have important theoretical and clinical application value
for further understanding the mechanism of temperature regulation and clinical manipulation of body temperature.
On the one hand, it provides an important clue
to the unsolved mystery of why the human body temperature is stable at 37°C.
On the other hand, it provides important potential targets for possible manipulation of body temperature and treatment of clinical problems such as obesity in the future
.
The future direction of this research is to further elucidate the upstream cellular and molecular pathways
that lead to TRPC4 activation by inhibitory heat-sensitive neurons within MPA due to temperature rise.
Once the system elucidates the mechanism of temperature signaling, it will push the neural mechanism of body temperature regulation to new heights
.
Expert comment: Xu Tianle (Distinguished Professor of Shanghai Jiao Tong University) Human internal environmental homeostasis is an important category of medicine, especially physiology, and the physical and chemical indicators of the internal environment include temperature, pH, osmotic pressure, chemical composition, etc.
The study of human physiological activities and disease occurrence from the establishment, maintenance and destruction of body homeostasis is also an important branch of
contemporary medicine.
The thermoregulatory system is similar to other homeostatic systems, and the maintenance of body temperature requires three parts
: receptors, effectors and feedback regulation.
Research on temperature-sensing receptors won the 2021 Nobel Prize
in Physiology or Medicine.
In addition to receptor research, many researchers are committed to analyzing the fine neural mechanism of thermoregulation, and based on the feed-forward mechanism of hypothalamic preoptic area POA involved in thermoregulation revealed by a large number of experimental evidence, a working model of temperature feed-forward regulation has been established [2].
These thermoregulation models can effectively explain how the body keeps body temperature constant
in the heat and cold of the external environment.
However, when the ambient temperature is unchanged, the internal temperature of the brain will rise by 2-4 °C during fever, heat shock or exercise
.
So, by what mechanism does the brain sense internal temperature? How to transmit information to the thermoregulatory center through the negative feedback system and prevent large fluctuations in body temperature? There are still many gaps in the research on the internal temperature feedback mechanism of the brain, which hinders people's in-depth understanding of the thermoregulation mechanism and delays the development of
drugs for temperature-related diseases.
In view of this unknown field, Shen Wei's team of ShanghaiTech University, Yang Wen, assistant researcher of the Institute of Exemption of Shanghai University of Science and Technology, and Professor Zhang Jie of Chengdu Medical College, co-published research in the important journal Neuron in the field of neuroscience, decoding the important scientific question
of temperature perception inside the brain.
The authors first cleverly designed and made a precise temperature control-temperature measurement device in the brain; Then, through the analysis of single-cell sequencing data, TRPC4, an important ion channel that mediates temperature perception inside the brain in the MPA subregion of the hypothalamic preoptic region - TRPC4
was finally identified through gene knockout, RNA interference, electrophysiological recording, and pharmacological manipulation.
Knocking out this ion channel significantly affected the sensitivity of MPA neurons to internal brain temperature increases, and affected the body temperature setting, thermal defense, and aggravated the fever phenotype
of mice.
The agonist using this ion channel can increase the sensitivity of MPA neurons to temperature, and significantly reduce core body temperature, reduce mobility, reduce fat thermogenesis, reduce energy expenditure, and effectively suppress fever
in mice.
In summary, this study reveals that TRPC4 ion channels are important molecules that mediate temperature sensation in the brain, and elucidate the new mechanism
by which hypothalamic POA neurons sense temperature changes in the brain and regulate body temperature and energy metabolism.
More notably, ion channels are important drug targets for disease treatment
.
The in-depth study of ion channels has always been at the forefront
of medicine, life sciences, and especially neuroscience.
TRPC4 plays such an important role in internal temperature sensing and feedback thermoregulation in the brain, suggesting that it is very promising to be an effective drug target for diseases related to temperature imbalance in the clinic
.
In short, this research work has deepened people's understanding of the core mechanism of mammalian thermoregulation in basic research, and is expected to provide a scientific basis
for the development of drugs related to body temperature disorders in clinical application.
1.
Tan, C.
L.
, and Knight, Z.
A.
(2018).
Regulation of Body Temperature by the Nervous System.
Neuron 98, 31-48.
10.
1016/j.
neuron.
2018.
02.
022.
2.
Morrison, S.
F.
, and Nakamura, K.
(2019).
Central Mechanisms for Thermoregulation.
Annu Rev Physiol 81, 285-308.
10.
1146/annurev-physiol-020518-114546.
3.
Xiao, W.
, Jiao, Z.
L.
, Senol, E.
, Yao, J.
, Zhao, M.
, Zhao, Z.
D.
, Chen, X.
, Cao, P.
, Fu, Y.
, Gao, Z.
, et al.
(2022).
Neural circuit control of innate behaviors.
Sci China Life Sci 65, 466-499.
10.
1007/s11427-021-2043-2.
4.
Liedtke, W.
B.
(2017).
Deconstructing mammalian thermoregulation.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 114, 1765-1767.
10.
1073/pnas.
1620579114.
5.
Carlisle, H.
J.
, and Laudenslager, M.
L.
(1979).
Observations on the thermoregulatory effects of preoptic warming in rats.
Physiology & Behavior 23, 723-732.
https://doi.
org/10.
1016/0031-9384(79)90166-5.
6.
Carlisle, H.
J.
(1966).
Behavioural Significance of Hypothalamic Temperature-Sensitive Cells.
Nature 209, 1324-1325.
10.
1038/2091324a0.
7.
Adams, T.
(1964).
A Method for Local Heating and Cooling of the Brain.
J Appl Physiol 19, 338-340.
10.
1152/jappl.
1964.
19.
2.
338.
8.
Andersson, B.
, Grant, R.
, and Larsson, S.
(1956).
Central Control of Heat Loss Mechanisms in the Gost.
Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 37, 261-280.
10.
1111/j.
1748-1716.
1956.
tb01362.
x.
9.
Hemingway, A.
, Forgrave, P.
, and Birzis, L.
(1954).
Shivering suppression by hypothalamic stimulation.
Journal of Neurophysiology 17, 375-386.
10.
1152/jn.
1954.
17.
4.
375.
10.
H.
W.
Magoun, F.
H.
, J.
R.
Brobeck, S.
W.
Ranson (1938).
Activation of heat loss mechanisms by local heating of the brain.
Journal of Neurophysiology.
https://doi.
org/10.
1152/jn.
1938.
1.
2.
101.
11.
Wang, T.
A.
, Teo, C.
F.
, Åkerblom, M.
, Chen, C.
, Tynan-La Fontaine, M.
, Greiner, V.
J.
, Diaz, A.
, McManus, M.
T.
, Jan, Y.
N.
, and Jan, L.
Y.
(2019).
Thermoregulation via Temperature-Dependent PGD2 Production in Mouse Preoptic Area.
Neuron.
https://doi.
org/10.
1016/j.
neuron.
2019.
04.
035.
12.
Williams, G.
, Bing, C.
, Cai, X.
J.
, Harrold, J.
A.
, King, P.
J.
, and Liu, X.
H.
(2001).
The hypothalamus and the control of energy homeostasis: different circuits, different purposes.
Physiol Behav 74, 683-701.
10.
1016/s0031-9384(01)00612-6.
13.
Rothhaas, R.
, and Chung, S.
(2021).
Role of the Preoptic Area in Sleep and Thermoregulation.
Front Neurosci 15, 664781.
10.
3389/fnins.
2021.
664781.
14.
Kang, J.
, Cao, L.
, Yuan, T.
, Jin, L.
, Shi, Y.
, Ma, G.
, Qiao, N.
, Li, C.
, Zhang, Y.
, Zuo, Z.
, and Gui, S.
(2021).
Predicting the location of the preoptic and anterior hypothalamic region by visualizing the thermoregulatory center on fMRI in craniopharyngioma using cold and warm stimuli.
Aging (Albany NY) 13, 10087-10098.
10.
18632/aging.
202766.
(You can swipe up and down).
Maintaining a constant body temperature is a necessary condition for the normal survival and efficient performance of various life activities in mammals, which is subject to the fine neural regulation
of the brain 。 It is known that the preoptic area POA of the hypothalamic thermoregulation center monitors the changes of internal and external temperature in real time through the feed-forward regulation mechanism driven by external temperature changes and the feedback regulation mechanism driven by internal temperature changes, controls the peripheral heat effect organ work, and finally stabilizes the body temperature in a constant range
.
Great progress has been made in the study of feedforward regulation mechanism [1,2], please refer to the summary of Shen Wei et al.
in the journal Sci China Life Sci [3].
For example, Shen Wei's lab identified a key neural circuit for POA to respond to external ambient temperature, maintain body temperature and regulate peripheral effector organs (Proc Natl Acad Sci 2017; Science Advances 2020), which was rated as an important milestone innovation by the PNAS magazine [4]
。 Compared with the feedforward regulation mechanism, there are still many gaps
in the research of feedback regulation mechanism.
In addition, and more importantly, key molecular targets that can regulate body temperature are still lacking
.
Therefore, Shen Wei's team began to explore the feedback regulation mechanism
of body temperature regulation in 2015.
Although early researchers found that changing the temperature of the preoptic POA of the hypothalamus with circulating water, etc.
, caused feedback thermoregulation [5-10].
However, because thermostats such as circulating water applied to large animals cannot be directly applied to mice, a genetic resource-rich animal model, it limits people to identify the key molecules of the brain to sense internal temperature and reveal the neural mechanism
of feedback thermoregulation.
On December 6, 2022, Professor Shen Wei from the School of Life Science and Technology of ShanghaiTech University (SSTC), Assistant Researcher Wen Yang from the Institute of Immunochemistry of SSTC, and Professor Zhang Jie from the Key Laboratory of Body Temperature and Inflammation in Sichuan Province, Chengdu Medical College, published a presentation on Neuron online Research paper on Hypothalamicwarm-sensitiveneuronsrequireTRPC4channelfordetecting internalwarmthandregulatingbodytemperatureinmice.
The study found that the brain's internal thermoreceptors, heat-sensitive neurons, rely on TRPC4 ion channels to sense internal temperature and maintain body temperature, and may be a novel molecular target for regulating body temperature
.
Schematic diagram of
"Mouse Paradise".
Green plants illustrate TRPC4 ion channels, and caves illustrate cerebral
cortex.
In this study, the researchers cleverly used the thermal effect of laser to create a brain temperature control device suitable for mouse models, which can accurately change and measure the internal temperature
of the brain in the free movement of mice.
Subsequently, the researchers used the device to confirm the presence of internal thermoreceptors in the mouse brains that sense high temperatures in the brain, which feedback reduces core body temperature
.
The authors further drew a "cooling map"
of neurons in each subregion of POA that are stimulated by light and heat to reduce body temperature.
In order to find molecules that mediate internal temperature sensation, the authors re-analyzed the published single-cell RNA sequencing data of Wang Tongfei et al.
[11] and screened out some TRP ion channels
that may be involved in internal temperature sensation in the brain.
Finally, the transient receptor potential cation channel (Subfamily C, Member 4, TRPC4) mediated the POA subregion by gene knockout, RNA interference, electrophysiology and other means.
Inhibited heat-sensitive neurons in the medial preoptic area (MPA) sense temperature, set body temperature, resist high temperature and fever, and are important thermoregulatory molecules
.
In order to explore whether TRPC4 may become a molecular target for temperature manipulation and provide a novel drug target for clinical hypothermia therapy and antagonistic thermoregulatory diseases, such as heat shock and central fever, the authors further used the agonists and inhibitors of TRPC4 to study its effect
on body temperature.
The authors found that these agents regulate body temperature bidirectionally, which makes TRPC4 a potential novel drug target for temperature manipulation
.
TRPC4 mediates temperature internal sensing and body temperature drop
.
473-nm blue laser heating MPA (POA subregion) causes a local increase in brain temperature and leads to a decrease in body temperature feedback
.
This is mainly caused by the activation of heat-sensitive neurons of MPA, where TRPC4 mediates this effect in
MPA-inhibitory heat-sensitive neurons.
TRPC4 knockout or knockdown significantly affects the thermal sensitivity of heat-sensitive neurons, as well as basal body temperature setting, reduced thermal defenses, and worsening fever
.
Heating or agonist activation of TRPC4 increases the heat sensitivity of inhibitory heat-sensitive neurons, promotes a decrease in body temperature by reducing brown fat thermogenesis and reducing mobility, and also has an inhibitory effect
on fever.
.
Professor Shen Wei from the School of Life Science and Technology of Shanghai University of Science and Technology, Assistant Researcher Yang Wen from the Institute of Immunochemistry of Shanghai University of Science and Technology, and Professor Zhang Jie from the Key Laboratory of Body Temperature and Inflammation of Sichuan Province of Chengdu Medical College are the co-corresponding authors
of the study.
Qian Zhou (currently a postdoctoral fellow at ShanghaiTech University), a 2017 doctoral student in Shen Wei's group, Fu Xin (currently a postdoctoral fellow at Tsinghua University), and Xu Jianhui, a 2017 doctoral student in Shen Wei's group, are co-first authors
of this paper.
Original link:
https://doi.
org/10.
1016/j.
neuron.
2022.
11.
008
Experts commented that Ho Chi An (Professor of the Institute of Brain and Intelligence of the Army Medical University) Similar to sleep, relatively constant body temperature is one of the necessary conditions for the normal survival of the human body and efficient performance of
various life activities.
As an important aspect of homeostasis, the maintenance of body temperature is strictly regulated by the
nervous system.
As the highest "command" of the body, the relative constant temperature of the brain is also crucial
for the efficient operation of the body.
In early studies of thermoregulation, researchers found that heating the hypothalamic preoptic area (POA) caused hypothermia [2].
Neurons in the hypothalamic POA region are not only responsible for thermoregulation, but also for controlling various other homeostasis in the body (such as sleep, etc.
) [12-14].
How to specifically label thermofeedback-regulated cell subtypes and molecular basis is an important question
in the field of thermoregulation.
Unfortunately, the cellular and molecular systems in which POA conducts temperature changes inside the brain for many years have not been clearly resolved
.
Shen Wei's team from ShanghaiTech University, together with Assistant Researcher Yang Wen of the Institute of Exemption of Shanghai University of Science and Technology, Professor Zhang Jie of Chengdu Medical College, cleverly used the laser heating effect to accurately change the internal temperature of the brain in the awake and free activity state of mice, and discovered the change
of brain internal temperature and core body temperature 。 Furthermore, the research team used the Bioinformation analysis tool to re-analyze the sequencing data in the published literature, and then combined with gene knockout/cell-specific knockdown, pharmacological activation/inhibition, TRPC4 was identified for the first time as a key molecule
responsible for conducting temperature signals inside the brain in suppressive heat-sensitive neurons in the prelateral visual area (MPA) of the hypothalamic POA subregion.
The TRPC4 and TRPC4-expressing neurons involved in temperature regulation found in this study have important theoretical and clinical application value
for further understanding the mechanism of temperature regulation and clinical manipulation of body temperature.
On the one hand, it provides an important clue
to the unsolved mystery of why the human body temperature is stable at 37°C.
On the other hand, it provides important potential targets for possible manipulation of body temperature and treatment of clinical problems such as obesity in the future
.
The future direction of this research is to further elucidate the upstream cellular and molecular pathways
that lead to TRPC4 activation by inhibitory heat-sensitive neurons within MPA due to temperature rise.
Once the system elucidates the mechanism of temperature signaling, it will push the neural mechanism of body temperature regulation to new heights
.
Expert comment: Xu Tianle (Distinguished Professor of Shanghai Jiao Tong University) Human internal environmental homeostasis is an important category of medicine, especially physiology, and the physical and chemical indicators of the internal environment include temperature, pH, osmotic pressure, chemical composition, etc.
The study of human physiological activities and disease occurrence from the establishment, maintenance and destruction of body homeostasis is also an important branch of
contemporary medicine.
The thermoregulatory system is similar to other homeostatic systems, and the maintenance of body temperature requires three parts
: receptors, effectors and feedback regulation.
Research on temperature-sensing receptors won the 2021 Nobel Prize
in Physiology or Medicine.
In addition to receptor research, many researchers are committed to analyzing the fine neural mechanism of thermoregulation, and based on the feed-forward mechanism of hypothalamic preoptic area POA involved in thermoregulation revealed by a large number of experimental evidence, a working model of temperature feed-forward regulation has been established [2].
These thermoregulation models can effectively explain how the body keeps body temperature constant
in the heat and cold of the external environment.
However, when the ambient temperature is unchanged, the internal temperature of the brain will rise by 2-4 °C during fever, heat shock or exercise
.
So, by what mechanism does the brain sense internal temperature? How to transmit information to the thermoregulatory center through the negative feedback system and prevent large fluctuations in body temperature? There are still many gaps in the research on the internal temperature feedback mechanism of the brain, which hinders people's in-depth understanding of the thermoregulation mechanism and delays the development of
drugs for temperature-related diseases.
In view of this unknown field, Shen Wei's team of ShanghaiTech University, Yang Wen, assistant researcher of the Institute of Exemption of Shanghai University of Science and Technology, and Professor Zhang Jie of Chengdu Medical College, co-published research in the important journal Neuron in the field of neuroscience, decoding the important scientific question
of temperature perception inside the brain.
The authors first cleverly designed and made a precise temperature control-temperature measurement device in the brain; Then, through the analysis of single-cell sequencing data, TRPC4, an important ion channel that mediates temperature perception inside the brain in the MPA subregion of the hypothalamic preoptic region - TRPC4
was finally identified through gene knockout, RNA interference, electrophysiological recording, and pharmacological manipulation.
Knocking out this ion channel significantly affected the sensitivity of MPA neurons to internal brain temperature increases, and affected the body temperature setting, thermal defense, and aggravated the fever phenotype
of mice.
The agonist using this ion channel can increase the sensitivity of MPA neurons to temperature, and significantly reduce core body temperature, reduce mobility, reduce fat thermogenesis, reduce energy expenditure, and effectively suppress fever
in mice.
In summary, this study reveals that TRPC4 ion channels are important molecules that mediate temperature sensation in the brain, and elucidate the new mechanism
by which hypothalamic POA neurons sense temperature changes in the brain and regulate body temperature and energy metabolism.
More notably, ion channels are important drug targets for disease treatment
.
The in-depth study of ion channels has always been at the forefront
of medicine, life sciences, and especially neuroscience.
TRPC4 plays such an important role in internal temperature sensing and feedback thermoregulation in the brain, suggesting that it is very promising to be an effective drug target for diseases related to temperature imbalance in the clinic
.
In short, this research work has deepened people's understanding of the core mechanism of mammalian thermoregulation in basic research, and is expected to provide a scientific basis
for the development of drugs related to body temperature disorders in clinical application.
Platemaker: Eleven
References
1.
Tan, C.
L.
, and Knight, Z.
A.
(2018).
Regulation of Body Temperature by the Nervous System.
Neuron 98, 31-48.
10.
1016/j.
neuron.
2018.
02.
022.
2.
Morrison, S.
F.
, and Nakamura, K.
(2019).
Central Mechanisms for Thermoregulation.
Annu Rev Physiol 81, 285-308.
10.
1146/annurev-physiol-020518-114546.
3.
Xiao, W.
, Jiao, Z.
L.
, Senol, E.
, Yao, J.
, Zhao, M.
, Zhao, Z.
D.
, Chen, X.
, Cao, P.
, Fu, Y.
, Gao, Z.
, et al.
(2022).
Neural circuit control of innate behaviors.
Sci China Life Sci 65, 466-499.
10.
1007/s11427-021-2043-2.
4.
Liedtke, W.
B.
(2017).
Deconstructing mammalian thermoregulation.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 114, 1765-1767.
10.
1073/pnas.
1620579114.
5.
Carlisle, H.
J.
, and Laudenslager, M.
L.
(1979).
Observations on the thermoregulatory effects of preoptic warming in rats.
Physiology & Behavior 23, 723-732.
https://doi.
org/10.
1016/0031-9384(79)90166-5.
6.
Carlisle, H.
J.
(1966).
Behavioural Significance of Hypothalamic Temperature-Sensitive Cells.
Nature 209, 1324-1325.
10.
1038/2091324a0.
7.
Adams, T.
(1964).
A Method for Local Heating and Cooling of the Brain.
J Appl Physiol 19, 338-340.
10.
1152/jappl.
1964.
19.
2.
338.
8.
Andersson, B.
, Grant, R.
, and Larsson, S.
(1956).
Central Control of Heat Loss Mechanisms in the Gost.
Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 37, 261-280.
10.
1111/j.
1748-1716.
1956.
tb01362.
x.
9.
Hemingway, A.
, Forgrave, P.
, and Birzis, L.
(1954).
Shivering suppression by hypothalamic stimulation.
Journal of Neurophysiology 17, 375-386.
10.
1152/jn.
1954.
17.
4.
375.
10.
H.
W.
Magoun, F.
H.
, J.
R.
Brobeck, S.
W.
Ranson (1938).
Activation of heat loss mechanisms by local heating of the brain.
Journal of Neurophysiology.
https://doi.
org/10.
1152/jn.
1938.
1.
2.
101.
11.
Wang, T.
A.
, Teo, C.
F.
, Åkerblom, M.
, Chen, C.
, Tynan-La Fontaine, M.
, Greiner, V.
J.
, Diaz, A.
, McManus, M.
T.
, Jan, Y.
N.
, and Jan, L.
Y.
(2019).
Thermoregulation via Temperature-Dependent PGD2 Production in Mouse Preoptic Area.
Neuron.
https://doi.
org/10.
1016/j.
neuron.
2019.
04.
035.
12.
Williams, G.
, Bing, C.
, Cai, X.
J.
, Harrold, J.
A.
, King, P.
J.
, and Liu, X.
H.
(2001).
The hypothalamus and the control of energy homeostasis: different circuits, different purposes.
Physiol Behav 74, 683-701.
10.
1016/s0031-9384(01)00612-6.
13.
Rothhaas, R.
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