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Rhee explained: “Understanding how plants respond to stressful environments is essential for developing strategies to protect important food and biofuel crops from the effects of climate change
.
”
Zhao and Rhee, along with Benjamin Jin of Carnegie University and Deze Kong of Stanford University and Christina Smolke of Stanford University, published their new work on eLife, studying how a plant defense compound called camalexin is activated at the genetic level
.
"Because plants grow in a fixed location, they cannot escape predators or pathogens.
Instead, they have evolved to produce compounds that help them repel invaders, among other functions
.
"
Kamatoxin, like other plant metabolites, is synthesized by a special working protein called enzyme, which performs many functions of the cell
.
When a plant is under environmental stress, it activates the genes encoding these enzymes
The genetic material of the cell encodes the formula for the production of these enzymes that make kamatoxin, as well as all the proteins that the cell needs to perform the necessary functions under various conditions at all stages of life
.
This is a lot of information
"Imagine that the genome of a cell is a huge library, each gene is a book, and each chromosome is a huge bookshelf," Rhee said
.
"The cell has different mechanisms to quickly find the gene it needs in a large amount of information, so that it can be transcribed and translated into a coded protein, and respond to environmental conditions, including threats and stress
These strategies include adding or deleting tags or markings on the packaging of all genes and related substances (collectively referred to as chromatin), which can enhance or inhibit the expression of specific genes
.
Sometimes, activating and inhibiting elements exist at the same time, this phenomenon is called bivalent chromatin
Zhao, Li and their colleagues were able to clarify the existence of a never-before-characterized divalent chromatin-they called kairostat, from the Greek "Kairo," meaning at the right moment, and "statistics", meaning Equipment-the biosynthetic pathway that makes camalexin inactive until there is a signal from the pathogen
.
Their findings indicate that both of these factors are necessary to control the appropriate timing of plant responses to external stresses
"Camalexin and other defensive compounds are usually very expensive and toxic
to plants.
Therefore, it is not good for plants to manufacture them all the time
Looking to the future, the team hopes to identify all proteins involved in the establishment and removal of epigenetic markers to identify more kairostat proteins and better understand their role in environmental responses and other plant functions
Journal Reference :
Zhao Kangmei, Deze Kong, Benjamin Jin, Christina D Smolke, to Rhee Seung Yon.
