Do not miss the latest prostate cancer research results at a glance!

June 17, 2019 / BIOON / - this inventory brings readers the latest research progress on prostate cancer, and helps you to understand the latest research results on the occurrence, development, metastasis, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of prostate cancer I hope you like it 【1】 ELife: prostate cancer marker PSA can activate angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis factors, promote cancer metastasis doi: 10.7554/elife.44478 a new study shows that prostate specific antigen (PSA) is a prostate cancer marker, is one of the catalysts to activate vascular endothelial cells and lymphangiogenesis growth factors, and these factors contribute to the spread of cancer Together with partners, a team led by docent Michael jeltsch of the University of Helsinki has found new mechanisms for activating VEGF-C and VEGF-D in vascular endothelium and lymphangiogenesis These growth factors not only play an important role in fetal development, but also in the spread of cancer and the formation of metastasis The researchers found two new proteolytic enzymes (proteases) that activate growth factors VEGF-C and VEGF-D at the same time One of these enzymes is prostate specific antigen (PSA), which is also used as a marker of prostate cancer In addition to prostate, VEGF-C and PSA are also present in semen, so they may have an impact on reproduction, especially fertility Source: JCO precision Oncol researchers also found that cathepsin D can activate VEGF-C and vegf-d It has been known that cathepsin D is related to the formation of metastasis, but the mechanism of its action is not well understood 【2】 Mol Cancer Res: a new study reveals that doi: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-1279, a protein molecule that causes prostate cancer to deteriorate, researchers at Boston University School of Medicine (BUSM) found that blocking specific proteins may have the effect of preventing the deterioration of malignant prostate cancer (CRPC) Researchers have long studied three closely related protein families, known as bet bromine domain proteins, which are composed of BRD2, BRD3 and Brd4 that regulate gene expression These researchers have now found that the inhibitory protein Brd4 has the ability to regulate the migration and invasion of prostate cancer cells "Our results are very important because the current treatment options for CRPC are limited, mainly focusing on the inhibition of prostate cancer cells that rely on AR signaling," explains Jordan shafran, the first author, PhD, BUSM CRPC is a complex heterogeneous disease with different ar States and expression patterns in various tumor cells With the development of the disease, prostate cancer cells can reduce their dependence on AR signal and use alternative signaling mechanisms to maintain growth and transmission "Therefore, it is necessary to identify 'pharmaceutical' targets that regulate prostate cancer cell migration and invasion, which are dependent on or independent of androgen receptor signaling," he added 【3】 JCO precision Oncol: a new perspective on prostate cancer treatment doi: 10.1200/po.18.00283 a study recently published in Journal of clinical oncology precision Oncology (ASCO) summarizes the results of the largest genome analysis of advanced prostate cancer so far Using CGP, we analyzed thousands of tumor samples from patients with advanced prostate cancer The researchers found that 57% of the evaluated samples had the genomic characteristics indicating that these tumors were candidates for targeted treatment The purpose of this study, led by the Foundation Medicine of the University of Utah and the Huntsman Cancer Institute (HCI), is to analyze prostate cancer using CGP to determine genomic changes and provide information for potential targeted treatment strategies CGP analyzes tumor samples to determine genomic changes so that patients can match available targeted therapies when possible Dr Jon Chung, deputy director of medical clinical development of the foundation, said: "this study shows that the comprehensive genome map can often recognize the changes of genome in routine clinical use, so as to provide targeted treatment programs and potential treatment development targets for patients with advanced or metastatic prostate cancer "The researchers analyzed nearly 3500 unique tumor samples, of which 1660 were primary tumors and 1816 were metastatic tumors from mismatched patients Researchers used foundation medicine's foundation one test for CGP "This is the largest study of its kind completed so far, which is very encouraging news because more than half of the patients studied have existing drug targets for their tumors "Said neeraj Agarwal, MD, a HCI prostate cancer clinician at the University of Utah "This information provides important insights into how we can design new clinical trials or drugs to better treat advanced prostate cancer [4] JCB: scientists have identified the potential therapeutic target of metastatic prostate cancer doi: 10.1083/jcb.201902048 recently, an International Journal of cell In the Research Report on biology, scientists from the Medical College of will Cornell and other institutions found that using drugs targeting phlpp2 protein to treat prostate cancer may be able to inhibit the spread of cancer cells to other organs of the body, inhibit phlpp2 or reduce the level of Myc, which is a kind of carcinogenic protein that causes multiple types of cancer, and it can not be conventional at present The target effect of drug therapy According to researcher Professor Lloyd C Trotman, the 5-year survival rate of patients with metastatic prostate cancer is only 28%, while that of patients with localized prostate diseases is almost 99% In metastatic prostate cancer cells, the level of phlpp2 protein will increase Phlpp2 is a kind of phosphatase, which can remove phosphate group from other proteins But at present, researchers do not know the key role of this protein in the process of prostate cancer In this study, researchers found that prostate cancer cells need phlpp2 to survive and proliferate And phlpp2 can stabilize myc by removing phosphoric acid group, and then induce myc destruction Source: Nowak et al., 2019 researchers removed the phlpp2 gene from the body of mice The results showed that the removal of the gene would inhibit prostate cancer cells from transferring to other organs of the body, which is very important, because the researchers can not develop a therapy to directly inhibit myc at present, because it does not contain any characteristics targeted by drugs The researchers then turned to human prostate cancer cells, which were treated with drugs that inhibit phlpp2 Later, they found that the level of Myc decreased, and the cells began to stop proliferation and died 【5】 JBC: new discovery! Androgen receptor, the target of prostate cancer treatment, may enter the mitochondria of cells Doi: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006727 androgen receptor (AR, Android Receptor is a specific cellular protein in prostate tissue Its activation is activated through the combination of androgen testosterone Then AR will move to the nucleus to regulate the transcription of the host gene In prostate cancer, the mutation of AR will make it possible to regulate the expression of the host gene without binding to androgen Recently, an International Journal of biological In the Research Report on chemistry, scientists from the University of Alabama found a new function of AR in prostate cells through research AR can be input and concentrated in mitochondria of cells, so it plays a key role in regulating a variety of mitochondrial functions Mitochondria are the energy factory of cells, and many mitochondria in each cell can work together to produce About 90% of the energy required for cell survival The DNA genome of a cell is located in the nucleus There are only 37 genes in the mitochondrial DNA of a cell, while there are more than 20000 genes in the human nucleus The cross-linking of these genes can help effectively regulate the metabolism of a cell In this study, researchers have revealed a new mechanism of mitochondrial nuclear interconnection The relevant research results are very interesting, because at present, many studies will AR and mitochondria are independently associated with the risk, progression, and prognosis of prostate cancer in individuals According to the researchers, AR can gather in the mitochondria of prostate tissues and cell lines In vitro, it can be imported into the mitochondria The input of AR depends on a 36 amino acid long mitochondrial location sequence After removing this sequence, AR will be limited to the mitochondria Using cells that reduce or promote AR expression, the researchers found that there was a reverse relationship between AR expression and mitochondrial DNA content and mitochondrial transcription factors called TFAM, which can help regulate mitochondrial DNA The expression of AR can reduce the expression of oxidative phosphorylation subunit, and make the oxidative phosphorylation super complex unstable, and reduce the activity of oxidative phosphorylase In addition, the damage of mitochondrial function can also induce the expression of AR and increase its translocation to mitochondria 【6】 Peerj: scientists have identified a special biomarker for prostate cancer metastasis doi: 10.7717/peerj.5970 Prostate cancer grows slowly and poses little threat to patients, but its rapid metastasis can cause severe pain or even death So far, researchers are almost not sure what kind of cancer patients suffer from in the early stage Recently, a research report published in the International Journal peerj, by scientists from the University of buffalo and other institutions through research How to detect biomarkers of prostate cancer more effectively was determined The researchers said that the key problem is to find a reliable and sensitive biomarker of prostate cancer, especially the low proportion of metastatic cancer cells, indicating that cancer progression is still in the early stage In the current study, the researchers studied metastatic prostate cancer tumors in mice expressing myosin and tumors not expressing myosin The researchers wondered whether there was a period of time when cells began to metastasize to form primary non metastatic tumors The researchers pointed out that they focused on analyzing the characteristics of different proteins on the surface of cancer cells Based on the previous research, they developed a new method to classify different cells in prostate cancer The researchers would dye the cell surface and use a series of fluorescent antibodies to classify the cells according to their colors Then they would analyze and carry different proteins Biomarker cells, a combination of different methods may help researchers analyze prostate cancer metastasis, but also to clarify the molecular mechanism of marker proteins driving cancer metastasis 【7】 The prostate: special compounds in coffee may inhibit prostate cancer doi: 10.1002/ijc.30720 In the Research Report on prostate, scientists from Kanazawa University and other institutions in Japan found for the first time that special compounds in coffee can effectively inhibit the growth of prostate cancer This is a pilot study conducted by researchers Currently, only relevant studies have been carried out in cell culture and drug-resistant cancer cells in mouse model organism, not in human organism Clinical trials were conducted The researchers first tested in vitro the effects of six naturally occurring compounds in coffee on human