Development trend and Prospect of herbivores such as cattle and sheep in China in the 21st century

Lead words: Yue Wenbin 1, Liu Xisheng 1, Feng Xufang 2, Chang Hong 3, Lei Xiaofeng 4 (1, Institute of zoology, Shanxi Agricultural University; 2 Department of geography, Taiyuan Normal University; 3 Shanxi animal husbandry and Veterinary Bureau; Abstract: the main advantage of herbivores is to eat "grass" China is a country with more people and less land, and the development of herbivores is the most dynamic breeding industry At present, the production level of herbivores in China is still far behind that in developed countries, but we should stabilize the quantity, improve the quality and develop vertically and ecologically Breed good varieties, use heterosis, plant grass to raise livestock, raise livestock in shed and graze reasonably It is the main trend of the development of herbivores in China in the 21st century to make full use of straw and other agricultural and sideline products to process and produce compound feed and implement the strategy of sustainable development of herbivores 1 To adjust the structure of animal husbandry, herbivores will become an important development object Agriculture is the foundation of national economy, and breeding industry is an important part of agriculture Agriculture provides human beings with the most basic means of consumption and important means of production, such as food, clothing, shelter and transportation Generally speaking, the planting industry solves the problem of people's eating and clothing, while the breeding industry solves the problem of people's eating and clothing Due to the social development and the improvement of people's living standards, more and more attention will be paid to the production of aquaculture in the 21st century More people and less land are the basic national conditions of our country The main advantage of herbivores is to eat "grass" According to the French experiment, there are 607 species of forage for goats, accounting for 88% of the tested species; 522 species of sheep, accounting for 88%; 685 species of cattle, accounting for 73% There are 420 kinds of pigs, accounting for 64% The development of herbivores can make full and reasonable use of natural resources such as light, heat, water and land, and produce green animal products such as meat, milk, hair and skin, so as to meet the increasing consumption demand of human beings The development of herbivores can provide a lot of organic fertilizer, promote the production of planting, improve the agricultural ecological environment, and expand the living space and wealth source of human beings According to the report of the food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the land benefit can be increased by 30% - 50% if the planting and breeding are well combined In the second half of the last century, due to the development of modern industry, agriculture and science and technology, the input of mineral energy and mechanization, all the animals were freed from working; a large number of industrial fertilizers replaced the manure of animals, which liberated the small family from the accumulation of manure; the main business position of breeding industry was changed from sideline industry to the production of a large number of animal products, which led to the emergence of intensive, enterprise oriented and good The development speed and output value of the high quality, high yield and high efficiency modern breeding industry, which is characterized by planting and scientific feeding management, reach or exceed the planting industry The proportion of the output value of aquaculture to the total output value of agriculture has become an important indicator of the degree of agricultural modernization In developed countries, the proportion is more than 50%, and in developing countries, it is more than 50% At present, 70% in Britain and Germany, 60% in France and Canada, 50% in the United States (beef cattle output value accounts for 40% of animal husbandry), and only 30% in China Cattle and mutton account for 32% of the total meat in the world, while China only accounts for 10% This is not in line with the national conditions of our country where there are more people and less land According to the data of the United States Department of Agriculture: the nutrition sources of various livestock and poultry, the required concentrate ratio: 97% for chickens, 86% for pigs, 35% for cows, 20% for beef cattle and 11% for sheep Therefore, raising cattle, sheep and other herbivores in the 21st century will become an important breeding industry with vitality and development potential In 1998, the number of sheep in China reached 280 million, accounting for 16% of the world's total, ranking first in the world The number of cattle on hand reached 124 million, accounting for 9.4% of the world's total, second only to India, ranking second in the world China produces 4.8 million tons of beef, 7.38 million tons of milk, 2 million tons of mutton, nearly 300000 tons of wool and 9000 tons of cashmere annually However, there is a big gap between the meat and wool production of each cattle and sheep in the stock and that of developed countries In the United States, Germany and France, the average annual output of meat and milk is 90-115kg and 6000-7000kg respectively, while in China, the average output of meat and milk is only 45.1kg and 1500 kg respectively The per capita milk of the world is 80 kg per year, while that of China is only 7 kg The average annual meat production of every sheep in the United States and France is 18.0kg, while that in China is only 7.2kg Australia and New Zealand produce 4.4 and 4.l kg of net hair per sheep, while China only produces 1.2kg In 1995, the average weight of meat and milk per hectare was 48kg and 165kg in the world, 65kg and 165kg in the United States, 187kg and 105kg in France, and 60kg and 1.0kg in China The area of Grassland Slope in China is about 400 million Hm2, but more than 50% of the grassland is seriously desertified and degraded, and the livestock carrying capacity is reduced Many places have reached saturation or overload, which makes the grassland lack the opportunity of recuperation, recovery and regeneration The ultimate goal of our development of animal husbandry is to obtain more and better animal products with less investment, rather than to pursue more stocks indefinitely Under certain forage resource conditions, too many stocks will not increase the quantity of products, but will increase the consumption of maintaining nutrition, reduce the quantity of livestock products and lead to the destruction of ecological environment In 1993, the sandstorm harmed 72 counties in the central and western regions, and damaged 1.1 million Hm2 farmland In the spring of 200 years, sandstorm occurred many times, which is an obvious example Therefore, in the 21st century, with the development of Western China, the improvement of grassland, the cultivation of grass and livestock, the utilization of straw, the house feeding of livestock, will get rapid development Protecting the ecology On the premise of the balance of grass and livestock, we should develop the quantity moderately, increase the content of science and technology, improve the quality of the population, increase the product rate and output value, and develop vertically, intensively, industrially and grain saving, so as to realize the sustainable development of animal husbandry The production and breed cultivation of NYG 3 beef cattle and sheep will have a rapid development NYG meat is the leading product of breeding industry ① Due to the increase of market demand for beef and mutton and the development of chemical fiber textile raw materials, the growth rate of beef and milk, mutton and milk will be further faster than that of wool In the second half of the last century, the world's beef production increased from 20.446 million tons (1948-1952) to 57.044 million tons (1998), an increase of 179%; mutton production increased from 4.3 million tons to l l 32000 tons, an increase of 158%; while wool production increased from 1.85 million tons to 2.439 million tons, an increase of 32.1% ② The production of mutton feed has a high conversion rate The material and labor cost of increasing production of 1kg meat and milk is much less than that of increasing production of 1kg wool The ratio of meat to wool is about 1:1, which makes the production of mutton more economical ③ Fast turnover of beef and mutton production, more suitable for modern and intensive management, and improving the comprehensive economic and ecological benefits of livestock are the direction of sustainable development NYG study showed that the biological efficiency increased with the increase of litter frequency and litter size, and the efficiency of meat production was the highest when the male with large size mated with the female with large litter size Biological efficiency (%) = average carcass weight per litter × number of piglets DOM fed by mother and DOM fed by piglets × 100%, in which DOM is soluble organic matter At present, the livestock varieties in the developed countries have basically achieved improved breeding, and the production capacity is relatively high, but the improvement and breeding work is still in-depth For example, in 1985, the average milk production of black and white dairy cows in the Netherlands was 5502kg, while in recent years, the introduction of Holstein and Flores bulls in the United States crossbred with them, and the average milk production of offspring reached 6810kg Improved breeding is a long-term and effective measure to increase production in animal husbandry It is an important measure in modern animal husbandry to improve the meat production performance of cattle and sheep by crossbreeding different breeds In the output value of American animal husbandry, the output value of beef cattle accounts for 40% There are 14 beef cattle breeds for economic crossbreeding of 2-3 breeds The population gain of crossbred cattle is more than 1300g, and Charolais is the best terminal bull The former Soviet Union scholars thought that the crossbreeding among three varieties could save 8% - 12% of feed The experiment of American Department of agriculture showed that the offspring of four varieties could increase the mutton yield by 10% ~ 15%, and the end varieties were Suffolk and German Merino 70% of the high-quality lamb meat produced in New Zealand is the hybrid fat lamb NYG Since 70 years of last century, the crossbreeding combination of lamb meat production has developed greatly, which tends to combine high reproduction rate with good meat quality and adopt three or four crossbreeding varieties to maintain high heterosis In addition, the adaptability of local cattle and sheep, and the ingenious combination of the three, become an effective way to rapidly increase the production of cattle and sheep meat According to the U.S Department of agriculture, after the 1970s, the economic income of lamb production increased, 13% of which was selected according to individual production performance, 30% - 60 days was the result of economic hybridization, and 25% was the result of multiple births The cultivation of meat varieties will be a hot project in the 21st century NYG 4 is an important form of intensive and modern animal husbandry, which changes the traditional way of raising livestock by household scattered grazing and extensive management It is more conducive to the acceptance of various breeding management, breeding, epidemic prevention and other high-tech Compared with grazing, house feeding can reduce the need of maintaining nutrition by 15% - 50%, reduce walking and trampling, which is beneficial to the protection and sustainable development of ecological environment The key to house feeding is feed The concept of "ternary structure" agriculture has been put forward for many years, but it is difficult to define the meaning of "grain", "economy" and "feed" For example, corn and potato belong to the category of "food crops" in our country, which can be used for food, feed and industry For example, soybeans and peanuts are also crops integrated with economy, food and feeding If we analyze the meaning of the traditional "ternary" structure, the proportion of planting area of these three kinds of crops has not changed in recent decades, which is about 3 / 4, 1 / 6 and 0.1% However, according to the analysis of the practical use of these three crops in recent years, more than 2 / 5 and 1 / 2 of the total output of food crops and cash crops are used for feed through different channels, but the varieties needed for feed are not treated as independent industries and are arranged in the whole agricultural production plan in advance Modern animal husbandry and feed industry require that the supply of planting industry is not only the total amount, but also the complete variety and sufficient protein feed Therefore, forage must be included in the formal planting plan On the one hand, appropriate cultivated land should be allocated, high-yield forage crops and forages should be planted, and feed raw materials bases such as corn and alfalfa should be established On the other hand, macro-control of feed grain should be strengthened to stabilize the market and resist risks It is estimated that as long as the country grasps 20 million tons of corn and 4 million tons of soybeans (accounting for 20% of the total corn output and 25% of the total soybean output respectively), it can regulate the feed grain market, and promote cattle and sheep raising based on compound feed and house feeding For example, Zhao Mou, a sheep specialist in Taigu County, Shanxi Province, raised 100 Small Tailed Han sheep, planted 50 mu of grass, and raised sheep in houses In that year, 230 lambs were produced, 120 were sold, with an income of more than 70000 yuan and a profit of 30000 yuan At present, the surrounding areas have actively implemented grass planting and sheep raising In combination with the adjustment of the industrial structure in rural areas and the change of the existing business mode, we will gradually establish the production system of intensive housing, breeding and breeding system, grass planting and feed processing system, and green livestock product processing system Promote the company and farmers to produce fine breeding stock, breeding mother stock and fattening commodity stock in a more detailed way