December 11, 2020 Science Journal Essence

17 December 2020 / / --- This week a new issue of Science (December 11, 2020) was published. Let the little editor come with us.
images from the Journal of Science.
1.Science: Revealing the development clock of mouse embryos and the mechanism of polarization from head cells doi:10.1126/science.abd2703 During pre-implantation development, the establishment of top-bottom cell polarity is the key to the transition from omnipotence to multi-energy, thereby inducing cell differentiation to nourishing the outer embryo layer (trophectoderm).
in mouse embryos, the event was set to occur in eight cell stages, which followed an internal development clock, regardless of embryo size or cell cycle progress.
although the formation of the top region is important, the molecular mechanisms that establish cell polarization and time-regulation of this event are largely unknown in mouse and human embryos.
in different mammalian species, zygotic genomic activation (zygotic genome, ZGA) evolved conservatively before cell polarization was established.
, in a new study, researchers from the University of Cambridge, the California Institute of Technology and Tsinghua University in China hypothesized the timing at which the hen transcription regulates cell polarization.
to verify this, the authors used analytical methods to change the concentration of hetho transcripts in cells and to assess the effect of these changes on embryo polarization time.
they also performed RNA interference (RNAi) screening on transcripts of 124 heterocyte expressions to determine the molecular identity of ensete transcripts that are critical to cell polarization.
, they combined cutting-edge imaging methods with biophysical modeling to explain how their identified hetho transcripts regulate cell polarization from the beginning.
study was published in the December 11, 2020 issue of the journal Science under the title "Developmental clock and mechanism of de novo polarization of the mouse embryo".
2.Science: Determining the overall structure of protein complexes using a gene interaction map doi:10.1126/science.aaz4910; Doi:10.1126/science.abf3863 Now, in a new study, researchers from the Gladston Institute in the United States and the University of California, San Francisco, have confirmed that a large-scale systematic genetic method does provide reliable and detailed information about the structure of protein complexes.
study was published in the December 11, 2020 issue of the journal Science, under the title "Genetic interaction mapping informive structure structure of the design of the protein complexes."
"Our technology allows us to collect large amounts of structural data from living cells to reflect how proteins work in their normal environment, rather than in artificial laboratory conditions," said Dr. Nevan Krogan, co-author of the paper, a senior fellow at the Glaston Institute and director of the Institute of Quantitative Biosciences at the University of California, San Francisco.
this was previously impossible to achieve on such a scale, it should greatly speed up the process of determining the structure of protein complexes, including those that are difficult to solve by traditional methods.
" approach builds on a technique called genetic interaction mapping pioneered by Krogan.
it screens thousands of gene mutation combinations in living cells, and in a relatively short period of time, it can reveal that the protein products of genes play a role in common cellular processes.
Krogan and his team improved the resolution of these screenings and successfully identified structural models of two protein complexes in yeast cells and a structural model of a protein complex in bacterial cells.
3. Science: For the first time, mouse embryonic stem cells were used to successfully construct an embryonic torso-like structure doi:10.1126/science.aba4937 In a new study, researchers from research institutions such as the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics in Germany cultured mouse embryonic stem cells in a special gel, successfully creating a structure called embryonic trunk-like structure (embryonic trunk-structure, TLS).
these TLS structures can develop pregeners of nerves, bones, cartilage and muscle tissue from cell blocks within five days.
allows us to explore the effects of drugs more effectively in the future, and the scale of this research is not possible in living organisms.
study was published in the December 11, 2020 issue of the journal Science under the title "Mouse embryonic stem cells self-organize into trunk-like structures with neural tube and somites."
these TLS structures are about a millimeter in size and have neural tubes from which the spinal cord develops.
addition, they also have somite, which are preludes to bones, cartilage, and muscles.
some TLS structures even develop premedates to internal organs such as the intestines.
about five days, the resemblance to normal development ends.
a new era," said Bernhard G. Herrmann, co-author of the paper and director of the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics.
allows us to observe directly and continuously the embryos of mice, and there are a large number of parallel samples -- something that is not possible in animals.
"4.Science Paper Interpretation! CiBER-seq has been developed to simultaneously analyze up to 100 genes in cells: 10.1126/science.abb9662CRISPR-Cas9 makes it easy to knock out or adjust individual genes to determine their effects on organisms or cells, or even another gene.
, what if you could do thousands of experiments at a time, use CRISPR to adjust each gene in the genome one by one, and quickly see the effects of each gene? In a new study, researchers at the University of California, Berkeley, have developed an easy way to do this, allowing anyone to analyze cells, including human cells, and quickly determine the DNA sequences in the genome that regulate the expression of specific genes.
study was published in the December 11, 2020 issue of the journal Science under the title "CiBER-seq dissects genetic networks by quantitative CRISPRi profiling of expression phenotypes."
this new technology, which Ingolia calls CIBER-seq (CRISPR with barcoded expression reporter sequencing), solves this problem by combining tens of thousands of CRISPR experiments and completing them at the same time.
technology eliminates fluorescence and uses deep sequencing to directly measure the increase or decrease in gene activity in the combined sample.
depth sequencing uses a new generation of high-volume, long-reading sequencing techniques to sequence and basically count all genes expressed in the combined sample.
Ingolia said, "In the combined CiBER-seq experiment, we were able to find all the upstream regulatory factors for several different target genes in a day, and if you're using fluorescence-based techniques, each target gene takes years to measure."
"5.Science: New research suggests that a spreading cancer that causes mass deaths in kangaroos has turned into a endemic disease doi:10.1126/science.abb9772 There is some good news about the wildlife pandemic during the global COVID-19 crisis, which may also help scientists better understand the evolution of other emerging diseases.
In a new study, researchers from research institutions such as Washington State University and the University of California, Berkeley, have found strong evidence that an infectious cancer that causes mass deaths in the Tasmanian devil population may not kill them.
the results of the study, published in the December 11, 2020 issue of the journal Science, are titled "A transmiss cancer shifts from the source to endemism in Tasmanian devils."
, a biologist at Washington State University, is the author of the paper.
Storfer and his team used genealogical dynamics tools commonly used to track influenza viruses and viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 for the first time to track the facial tumors of Tasmanian devils.
the methods they pioneered opened the door to other genetically complex pathogens.
This new study shows that the epidemic is shifting from an emerging disease to a local disease, which means that the spread of the disease is slowing to the point where only one or less of each infected kangaroo is infected.
6.Science: Certain protein coagulants exhibit time-dependent material properties doi:10.1126/science.aaw4951; Doi:10.1126/science.abe9745 In a new study, researchers from several research institutions in Germany and Austria have developed a way to describe the properties of time-dependent materials for certain protein condensates.
the findings were published in the December 11, 2020 issue of the journal Science, under the title "Protein researchates asaging Maxwell Fluids."
Huaiying Zhang of Carnegie Mellon University in the U.S. presented an opinion-type article titled "The Glassiness of Hardening Protein Droplets" in the journal Science for the study, outlining the researchers' work in Germany.
, as these researchers point out, protein coagulants are liquid substances whose properties change over time.
also noted that little research had been done to better understand the change.
the new study, they used laser-based tweezers to better understand how protein coagulants change over time.
7.Science: Stem cell-like CD8 plus T cells mediate the immune response of step cell immunotherapy to human cancer doi:10.1126/science.abb9847 Cancer immunotherapy, such as immuno checkpoint blocking (ICB), step-T cell therapy (ADOPT, ACT) and chimic antigen-treated (CAR) cell therapy, all rely on strong anti-tumor T-cell targeting.
's studies of step-by-step T-cell therapy (TIL-ACT) and immuno-checkpoint blocking based on tumor-infested lymphocytes (TIL-ACT) suggest that anti-tumor reactions can be mediated by targeting T-cells of cancer cells by identifying mutant neoantigen presented on human leukocyte (HLA) molecules.
in a number of Phase 2 clinical trials, TIL-ACT has been shown to be able to mediate a completely long-lasting response in some patients with metastatic melanoma and epitheline, where epitheloma is often considered weak immunogenic.
in a new study, researchers from the National Institutes of Health, Frederick National Laboratory, and the Netherlands Cancer Institute compared TIL-ACT infusion products that could distinguish between patients who had a full response to treatment (called full responders, n-24) and those who developed the disease after treatment.
retrospective TIL-ACT infusion products came from a group of people with stage IV metastasis melanoma who had undergone inositial amplification that was not selected according to the tumor's reactive selection