The status quo and problems of China's layer industry

Introduction: Beijing huaduyukou poultry industry Co., Ltd recently held the eighth annual meeting of chicken sales agents in Pinggu During the meeting, the reporter interviewed SUN Hao, general manager of the company, about the current situation and existing problems of the laying industry in China Talking about the current development of China's laying industry, SUN Hao said that in the world, there is a very significant dynamic change in egg production in developing and developed countries The total egg production in developed countries has been growing at a high speed from 1960s to 1980s, and it tends to be stable in 1990s At present, it is in a declining stage The egg laying industry in developing countries is developing rapidly, especially in 1990s, which is in a leap forward period, from less than 20 million tons in 1990 to 35 million tons now, which is more than 2 / 3 of the world's total output Among them, what China has done here It is very significant to use In 2003, there were about 2 billion laying hens in China (including about 500 million backup hens), of which about 1 billion were intensive commercial laying hens, accounting for 40% of the world's laying hens China's laying industry is gradually moving forward from the world's largest chicken raising country to a chicken raising power From the perspective of the development of laying industry in China, in the early 1980s, the storage capacity of fresh eggs was 2.8 million tons, with an annual per capita share of only 4.9 kg In 2002, the production of eggs increased to 20 million tons, with an annual average share of 19.5 kg, close to the level of western developed countries In 2003, the total output value of poultry industry was 241.5 billion (the total output value of eggs was more than 100 billion yuan), accounting for the total livestock industry The output value is 28.56% Poultry and its related industries provide about 78 million jobs for farmers, and become one of the main industries for farmers' employment and income increase In 2003, the total output of eggs in China was 24.52 million tons, and the export of fresh eggs was only 807000 tons The per capita consumption of fresh eggs in 11 provinces and cities was higher than the national average level, mainly concentrated in the northern region, and the top five provinces and cities were Tianjin, Liaoning, Hebei and Shanshan East and Shanxi The development of laying hens industry in China can be divided into three stages: the first stage is from the end of 1970s to the beginning of 1980s, which is dominated by large-scale state-owned enterprises; the second stage is from 1985 to 1995, which is dominated by non-staple food bases and farmers' breeding; The third stage: (from 1995 to now), mainly with farmers as the main body, farmers as the main body of China's layer culture, accelerated the popularization of China's layer industry in rural areas, promoted the development of China's layer industry, but with farmers as the main body, through more than 10 years of development, it has formed the cultivation characteristics with Chinese characteristics, with grandparents and parents as the upstream industry, Development is affected by it, showing the characteristics of matching with it The mainstream of the imported breed of egg breeder There are many kinds of ancestral egg breeders in China, mainly including local egg breeds, domestic breeding breeds and introduced breeds According to the investigation and statistics of the national poultry genetic resources management committee in 2002, there are 81 local chicken breeds in China, including 5 egg breeds, 4 partial egg breeds and 31 dual-use breeds These breeds are very small in scale, mainly for conservation; domestic egg breeds The chicken breeds mainly include Huadu series, Xinyang series, Nongda brown, etc., with a small market share; the imported breeds such as Hailan, Roman, ISA, baovance, Nick, hessex, etc., account for about 70% of the domestic ancestral share At present, there are 250000-300000 sets of imported and domestic ancestral chicken in stock, 26 ancestral chicken farms in China, and 13 factories with more than 10000 sets in stock Compared with developed countries such as Europe, America, Japan, etc., the large-scale stock, miscellaneous breeds, lack of uniform quality standards and vicious competition of products of our country's ancestral laying hens result in the slow promotion of improved breeds and restrict the improvement of the overall industrial efficiency Raising the anti risk ability of the parent layer breeding enterprise is the link industry between the ancestor and the commodity generation Affected by the price of eggs and chickens, the high-quality and low-quality chickens can be sold when the market situation is good When the market situation is low, the high-quality chickens will not only have low price, but also cause serious unsalable and unproductive conversion Based on the analysis of the share of brown, grey and white chickens in China, the concentration of brown shell layers in the breeding breeds of parent generation egg laying hens has been strengthened, reaching 2 "3"; the varieties of powder shell layers are diversified, because the requirements of powder shell layers for feed and feeding management are high, and the performance of users is different, resulting in different evaluation of the same breed In addition, the scale of breeding farms providing powder shell layers is small The quality of white shell breeders is not stable, and the stock of white shell breeders is relatively small due to the influence of Chinese consumers' habits At present, there are 1850 parent-child chicken farms in China, with a total of 14 million sets on hand, with an average of less than 10000 sets for each manufacturer Different manufacturers lack uniform standards for equipment, technology, management and products Different manufacturers have different promotion capabilities and varieties of crystal brand recognition However, previous market shocks have enhanced the ability of parent-child manufacturers to bear risks, and their management and marketing capabilities have become different The core elements of competitiveness of manufacturers With the increase of batch requirements of commercial laying hens, the requirements for quality, service and stability are higher and higher, and the living space of large-scale breeding farms is larger and larger Six characteristics of commercial layer culture In the whole country, the laying industry is only concentrated in several provinces with large eggs In 2003, there were 8 provinces with egg production over 800000 tons, accounting for 72.9% of the total egg production, mainly including Hebei (3215800 tons), Shandong (271050 tons), Henan < 2457300 tons, Jiangsu (1413000 tons), Liaoning (974600 tons), Sichuan (935800 tons), Hubei (850600 tons) And Anhui (845000 tons) In all provinces, cities and counties, there are also highly intensive production in some areas, and highly centralized scale is the key factor for the stability of Baowang industrial chain At present, China's laying industry is changing from centralized to decentralized First, it is raised in several northern provinces and gradually developed to the south, including Hunan, Hubei, Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan and other provinces; to the north, it includes inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang and other provinces; to the west, it includes midsummer, Xinjiang and other provinces Second, professional villages, towns and counties are gradually diluted Small scale, large group As a short, flat and fast project of animal husbandry, layer industry is favored by farmers However, restricted by the rural economic foundation and anti risk ability, China's layer industry mainly focuses on small-scale and large-scale group breeding There are less than 50 modern egg production enterprises with a scale of more than 100000 in China In 2002, farmers (farms) raising more than 500 layers accounted for 1,2% of the total farmers, The number of laying hens accounted for 52.9% of the total, and the number of laying hens accounted for 57.9% of the total However, in recent two years, with the intensification of the integration of the laying market and the flow of foreign funds, a large number of farmers who know technology, management and information are growing rapidly The basic scale of the new chicken farm has reached 3000-5000, and the scale of more than 10% farmers has reached more than 10000 The structure of laying industry in China is quietly changing Pursuing the blindness and conformity of immediate interests, entering and exiting rapidly The operation of market economy has accelerated the marketization speed of China's layer industry, but the government's auxiliary functions, the management and regulation of industry associations are lagging behind, which leads to a low threshold for the industry to enter Because there is no need for too much capital and technology investment, coupled with poor information, the farmers (farms) of grandparents, parents and commodity generations pursue immediate interests unilaterally, and there is blindness in entering the industry With the characteristics of conformity, the mainstream of the industry has been seriously impacted, and the chicken profits have been continuously reduced, which makes the share of each manufacturer very small and in the stage of free competition and full competition The periodic imbalance of supply and demand and the serious waste of resources can be found out from the analysis of the data of egg price changes in our poultry industry from 1996 to 2004 Each band is a process of descending from peak to valley bottom, and then rising from valley bottom The influencing factors are divided into two aspects: one is that one year and a half is a feeding cycle (including six-month breeding period), and three years is a price cycle; the other is that the whole industry is characterized by farmers' information occlusion and farmers' conformity to immediate interests, which cause price fluctuations There are also regular patterns in different seasons every year, which are mainly restricted by the small scale of the farmers, the conditions of raising and the cost of raising This periodic imbalance causes serious waste of resources and restricts the healthy development of laying industry in China In terms of commercial laying hens, the price of eggs was still at a high level in the mid-1990s, but with the cyclical and sustained growth of supply, the price of eggs continued to decline in recent years, from 8.6 yuan / kg in 1996 to 3.4 yuan / kg in 2001 and 2004 A large number of eggs were overstocked for a long time, the price of eggs was lower than the feeding cost for a long time, and the enterprises engaged in the industry suffered serious losses, so the farmers and enterprises had to The elimination of chicken groups ahead of time has resulted in the waste of production level resources of chickens (one chicken lays 18kg eggs in a cycle, and 14kg is eliminated in a low-level period) A large number of large-scale and high-cost enterprises have closed down, and more and more low-standard small-scale farms have begun to participate in the competition on a horizontal line, making the competition malignant, white hot and disordered It is difficult to control diseases and the cost of control is high Due to the lag of the whole national biosafety system and specialized layout, the lack of unified standards for the control of environment and disease, the high concentration of chickens in the same area and village, the lack of necessary safety distance, the lack of unified management of breeding scale, chicken feeding, immunization, disinfection, logistics and waste disposal, the difficulty and cost of disease control are large, and the cost of disease control is high Above 1:5 yuan, severe infectious diseases will bring more devastating impact In 2004, there were only two factories with more than 10000 birds in China, three factories with 5000-10000 birds, 18 factories with 1000-5000 birds, 22 factories with 100-1000 birds, and six factories with less than 100 birds At present, the effective solution is the government's macro-control, such as Shandong, Henan and other provinces have formulated and issued the "poultry industry breeding layout and supervision and management specifications (Trial)", further standardizing the poultry breeding layout and supervision and management; in addition, transfer from chicken intensive area to non intensive area, and implement specialized production management National policies and public security have become new constraints With the deepening of marketization, specialization and intensification of China's laying industry, it has become an organic whole of China's economy National policies and public security have become new constraints Laying industry is often more affected by various factors outside the industry than the industry itself The national grain policy, transportation management and trade barriers between countries in 2003 and 2004 reduced the original recovery of laying hens industry by 6%; the outbreak of avian influenza and SARS caused panic and consumption capacity caused by public security: decreased, affecting 10% of laying hens in China Safe food, food, market access and public sanitation will become new challenges for laying hens industry.