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The biotechnological improvement of rice is largely dependent on the maintenance of dedifferentiated cultures as either callus and/or suspension cultures. For example, the production of transgenic plants of rice (
Oryza sativa
L.) either by direct
DNA
uptake into protoplasts or by particle bombardment is dependent on embryogenic callus or cell suspension cultures from which fertile plants can be regenerated (
1
,
2
). However, over time the morphogenic competence of dedifferentiated rice cultures declines (
3
). Therefore, new cultures have to be regularly initiated and characterized in order to maintain a constant supply of embryogenic cells. This approach is highly problematic, particularly with Indica, Varietal Group 1 (
4
), rice varieties (
5
). Cryopreservation of embryogenic cells provides a more efficient means of ensuring a constant supply of competent cells for genetic manipulation. The recovery of embryogenic rice cultures after cryogenic storage that were capable of plant regeneration has been reported by several groups (
6
–
9
). Embryogenic callus, and more commonly, suspension cultures from a range of different rice varieties have been cryopreserved, including Indica (Varietal Group 1) varieties (
9
), Japonica (Varietal Group 6) varieties (
7
,
10
). Transgenic rice suspension cultures have also been successfully recovered from cryogenic storage (
6
).
