[Circulation] Lipidomics: providing new biomarkers for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes

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Author: Ashley Introduction: Previous studies have shown that cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes are closely related to lipid metabolism
.

To decipher these relationships at the molecular level, scientists have been using lipidomic analysis for several years
.

Recent studies have identified those lipids that are statistically associated with cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes; also found that a diet with an increased proportion of unsaturated fatty acids (FAs) resulted in a decrease in risk-related lipids and an increase in low-risk lipids
.

Lipid metabolism plays an important role in the occurrence and development of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes
.

However, little is known about molecular relationships
.

Using lipidomics, a modern analytical method, a research team led by Dr.
Fabian Eichelmann from DIfE and DZD identified those lipids that were statistically associated with cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes
.

In addition, the scientists found that a diet with an increased proportion of unsaturated fatty acids (FAs) resulted in a decrease in risk-related lipids and an increase in low-risk lipids
.

The findings, "Deep Lipidomics in Human Plasma - Cardiometabolic Disease Risk and Effect of Dietary Fat Modulation," were published in the journal Circulation
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https:// Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide, with approximately 18 million deaths each year
.

People with type 2 diabetes have a 2-3 times increased risk of heart attack or stroke
.

The number of people affected has been rising steadily for decades
.

More than 8 million people in Germany have type 2 diabetes
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According to scientific forecasts, these numbers will increase to around 12 million by 2040
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Therefore, there is a great need to identify biomarkers that can indicate disease development at an early stage in order to prevent or at least mitigate its onset
.

Previous studies have shown that cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes are closely related to lipid metabolism
.

To decipher these relationships at the molecular level, scientists have been using lipidomic analysis for several years
.

This is a modern analytical method that provides a very detailed understanding of the fatty acid profile in plasma
.

Fatty acids are mainly found in the human body as part of complex molecules (lipids)
.

Based on their molecular structure, they are classified into a number of different lipid types
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The sum of all lipids in an organism is called the lipidome
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69 lipids associated with disease risk Dr.
Fabian Eichelmann and his team assessed fatty acid profiles in 2414 blood samples from the EPIC-Potsdam study
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The samples were first collected in the 1990s, in part from participants who developed cardiovascular disease or type 2 diabetes in subsequent years
.

Using high-throughput lipidomics, the researchers identified a total of 282 distinct lipids, 69 of which were associated with at least one of the two diseases
.

"Forty-nine lipids were found to be statistically associated with cardiovascular disease, mainly cholesteryl esters and sphingolipids," Eichelmann said
.

"Twelve lipids were associated with type 2 diabetes, the majority of which were glycerol and phospholipids
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Associations with both diseases were observed in eight lipids, with several monoacylglycerides standing out
.

" At the molecular level, The researchers found that high-risk lipids tended to contain most saturated fatty acids, especially palmitic acid
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Dietary fats show modulating effect In the second part of their study, the scientists wanted to find out whether risk-related lipids could be affected by changing the fatty acid composition of the diet
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The 16-week intervention study, conducted by partners at the University of Reading in England, aims to provide answers
.

Julie Lovegrove's research team recruited 113 healthy women and men between the ages of 21 and 60 and randomized them into three groups
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The first group received a diet with an increased amount of saturated FA
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The second group followed a diet high in monounsaturated FA
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The third group was given a diet high in monounsaturated and polyunsaturated FA
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The diets were designed in such a way that total energy intake was the same for all three groups so that participants neither gained nor lost weight
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At the start of the study and four months later, blood samples were taken so the researchers could determine and compare the fatty acid profiles in the participants' plasma
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"We found that a diet with an increased proportion of unsaturated fatty acids provided a reduction in risk-related lipids, along with an increase in low-risk lipids, compared to a diet with an increased proportion of saturated fatty acids," concluded Lovegrove
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The findings suggest that replacing saturated fatty acids with unsaturated fatty acids in the diet is a potential tool for preventing cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes
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"Identified lipids serve as biomarkers of increased risk
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Future risk prediction models can be based on them," says Prof.
Matthias Schulze, head of the Molecular Epidemiology Unit and principal investigator of the DIfE EPIC-Potsdam study
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Next, the researchers wanted to identify a lipidomic fingerprint in blood describing the effects of the trial diet and examine whether it was associated with long-term risk of cardiovascular disease
.

Reference: https://medicalxpress.
com/news/2022-04-lipidomics-biomarkers-cardiovascular-disease-diabetes.
html Note: This article aims to introduce the progress of medical research and cannot be used as a reference for treatment plans
.

For health guidance, please go to a regular hospital for treatment
.

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