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Written by Cui Fang, edited by Huang Xiaoxuan, Wang Sizhen Back to the Spring Festival of 2020: At that time, Weibo and Moments were all discussing where to get masks, alcohol, and disinfectant
.
If at this time, you accidentally obtained a batch of regular medical masks, what would you do? A.
Keep it all to yourself B.
Keep a large part for yourself, and distribute the remaining masks to others C.
Keep a few for yourself and distribute the rest to others.
In the historical process of survival and development, human beings have gradually formed a "scarcity mentality" adapting to the environment due to long-term experience of shortage of resources such as famine and natural disasters—— This kind of mentality makes human beings have selfish bias in the face of lack of resources, take more resources as their own, and pay less attention to others[1-3]
.
But on the other hand, there is no lack of noble deeds of "sacrifice oneself to benefit others" in human society
.
For example, at the end of the movie "Titanic", we saw that some people used all means in order to board the lifeboat, regardless of the life and death of others; at the same time, we also saw that another part of the people voluntarily gave up their right to live and did not join the snatch for resources
.
In the case of scarce resources, these distinct attitudes may be determined by the level of empathy of individuals
.
Empathy refers to the ability to "share other people's emotions and take other people's perspectives", including emotional and cognitive components
.
Empathy is considered to be an important motivation behind prosocial behaviors such as sharing, helping and caring, and it is also the key to understanding "truly altruistic" behaviors [4-6]
.
Previous studies have found that the higher the level of empathy an individual has towards others, the more likely he is to help others; individuals with stronger empathy experience tend to allocate more resources to others [5, 7, 8]
.
Can empathy levels predict prosocial behavior in resource-poor settings? On February 4, 2022, Associate Professor Cui Fang and Dr.
Liu Jie from the School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, and researcher Gu Ruolei from the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences published a paper entitled "How The paper resource sharing resists scarcity: the role of cognitive empathy and its neurobiological mechanisms" explores this issue, elaborating on the neural mechanisms underlying the reduction in prosocial sharing behavior and its relationship to empathy in resource-poor settings
.
The research hypothesis is that resource scarcity reduces resource sharing behaviors by inhibiting empathy-related neural activity; therefore, the degree to which sharing behaviors are affected by resource scarcity should be negatively correlated with an individual's empathy ability
.
In order to verify the above hypothesis, Cui Fang's research group modified the classic "Dictator Game" paradigm and designed the "Noise Rescue Resource" paradigm to simulate the lack of key resources in real life (analogous to the epidemic situation).
masks in the midst of a famine, or food in a famine, etc.
)
.
The specific rules of this paradigm are as follows: The subject and another partner (actually played by the researcher) are under the threat of high-intensity noise at the same time
.
At this point, subjects were given "noise cancellation resources" allocated by the experimental system, and then needed to decide whether to share these resources with others to eliminate the noise threat (Figure 1)
.
The experiment manipulated the level of resource adequacy and set three conditions of "adequate", "insufficient" and "extremely insufficient", and compared the resource sharing behavior and related neural activities of the subjects under the three conditions
.
Figure 1 Schematic diagram of the experimental paradigm (Source: Cui Fang/Liu Jie/Gu Ruolei's research group) Figure 2 Experiment 1 process and results: (a) The schematic diagram of the task trials; (b) Under the conditions of sufficient and insufficient resources, the subjects' Resource sharing rate; (c) The degree to which the sharing rate is affected by resource adequacy and its correlation with the scores of the subjects’ empathy scale (Source: Cui F, et al.
, Cereb Cortex.
2022) Experiment 1 The behavioral results of (magnetic resonance experiment) revealed that, on the overall level, the more scarce the resources, the more the subjects tended to keep the resources for their own use, that is, the proportion of sharing was lower (Figure 2b); on the other hand, the cognitive empathy score Higher subjects were less affected by resource scarcity, and their sharing behavior was more stable under different conditions (Fig.
2c)
.
Brain imaging results showed that the level of resource deprivation was associated with activation of the temporoparietal junction, the medial prefrontal cortex, and the posterior cingulate cortex (Fig.
3a); among them, the strength of the connection between the right temporoparietal junction and the medial prefrontal cortex Moderated by resource scarcity, and the moderating efficacy was affected by subjects' cognitive empathy scores (Fig.
3 bc)
.
Figure 3.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging results: (a) neural activation differences between sufficient and insufficient resources; (b) functional connectivity analysis results; (c) the correlation between individual cognitive empathy scores and functional connectivity strength
.
(Source: Cui F, et al.
, Cereb Cortex.
2022) Since previous studies found that oxytocin can be used as an exogenous factor to enhance empathy experience, experiment 2 (behavioral experiment) further explored whether oxytocin intake can regulate resources The tendency to share resources under conditions of scarcity
.
The results showed that oxytocin regulation only had an effect on subjects with high cognitive empathy ability, enhancing the stability of their sharing behavior
.
Conclusion and Discussion, Implications and Prospects In conclusion, this study shows that resource deprivation significantly inhibits the activity of empathy-related brain regions in the human brain, while also disrupting the connectivity within this network, thereby inhibiting altruistic sharing behaviors tendency
.
The above effects are regulated by the level of individual cognitive empathy; oxytocin can only promote sharing behavior in individuals with high cognitive empathy levels
.
This study has the following two limitations
.
First, future research should consider designing alternative task sets to examine the generalizability of the current findings
.
Because the use of harmful noise in this study is transient, it may not be directly comparable to some types of resource deprivation that can have harmful consequences in real life (eg, malnutrition or dehydration due to lack of food)
.
Second, how to create deprivation scenarios in the task also requires more careful consideration (eg, using textual narratives, photos, or videos, etc.
), because the presentation of the situation can significantly affect the degree of cognitive/emotional empathy involved in decision-making
.
The sensitivity of prosocial behavior to contextual factors and its brain mechanism are the current intersection of social neuroscience and decision neuroscience.
The results of this study help us better understand the instability of prosocial decision-making
.
From the perspective of practical application, this study can provide a scientific basis for predicting and regulating individual social behaviors in major public security incidents
.
Returning to the question at the beginning of this article: We argue that the different choices people make in such situations depend largely on their cognitive empathy abilities
.
Link to the original text: https://doi.
org/10.
1093/cercor/bhac017 Associate Professor Cui Fang (left), first author; Dr.
Liu Jie (middle), co-corresponding author; Researcher Gu Ruolei (right), co-corresponding author
.
(Photo provided by: Cui Fang/Liu Jie/Gu Ruolei's research group) Professor Luo Yuejia from Beijing Normal University, Associate Professor Jing Yiming from the Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Huang Xiaoxuan (master student) from Shenzhen University participated in this research
.
The research work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32171013, 31871109, 31900779, 32071083, 32020103008, 3189944) and the National Social Science Foundation of China (19ZDA363)
.
Selected Previous Articles【1】Neuron︱Cao Gang’s research group reveals a new mechanism for the nervous system to sense pathogenic infection and fine-tune immune response【2】J Neuroinflammation︱Ge Jinfang/Xia Qingrong’s research group reveals the effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell exosomes on Alzheimer’s disease Part of the therapeutic mechanism of Zheimer's disease【3】Sci Transl Med︱GABAB receptor may save visual processing abnormalities in autistic patients【4】Sci Adv︱Xu Yong/Xu Wenping/He Yanlin cooperated to discover estrogen receptor nerve The neural circuit mechanism of meta-regulation of body temperature and movement【5】PNAS︱Han Chun’s group reveals a new mechanism of neuronal degeneration induced by external phagocytosis【6】Nat Neurosci︱VTA dopaminergic neurons are involved in encoding social prediction error and social reinforcement learning【 7] Nature︱ new discovery! Inflammatory lymphocytes or new targets mediating CNS inflammation? 【8】Neurosci Bull︱Hu Bo’s research group reveals that the deep cerebellar nucleus neurons projecting to the ventromedial thalamus are specifically involved in the regulation of combined sensory-motor learning behavior 【9】Nat Neurosci︱Wu Longjun’s research group reveals the key pathological proteins of ALS A new ligand for TDP-43-TREM2[10]Cereb Cortex︱Luo Yuejia's team revealed the cognitive control mechanism of anxious individuals under uncertain expectations References (swipe up and down to view) 1.
Shah AK, Shafir E, Mullainathan S.
2015 .
Scarcity frames value.
Psychological Science.
26:402-412.
2.
Zhu M, Ratner RK.
2015.
Scarcity polarizes preferences: The impact on choice among multiple items in a product class.
Journal of Marketing Research.
52:13-26.
3.
Hamilton R, Thompson D, Bone S, Chaplin LN, Griskevicius V, Goldsmith K, Hill R, John DR, Mittal C, O'Guinn T, Piff P,
.
If at this time, you accidentally obtained a batch of regular medical masks, what would you do? A.
Keep it all to yourself B.
Keep a large part for yourself, and distribute the remaining masks to others C.
Keep a few for yourself and distribute the rest to others.
In the historical process of survival and development, human beings have gradually formed a "scarcity mentality" adapting to the environment due to long-term experience of shortage of resources such as famine and natural disasters—— This kind of mentality makes human beings have selfish bias in the face of lack of resources, take more resources as their own, and pay less attention to others[1-3]
.
But on the other hand, there is no lack of noble deeds of "sacrifice oneself to benefit others" in human society
.
For example, at the end of the movie "Titanic", we saw that some people used all means in order to board the lifeboat, regardless of the life and death of others; at the same time, we also saw that another part of the people voluntarily gave up their right to live and did not join the snatch for resources
.
In the case of scarce resources, these distinct attitudes may be determined by the level of empathy of individuals
.
Empathy refers to the ability to "share other people's emotions and take other people's perspectives", including emotional and cognitive components
.
Empathy is considered to be an important motivation behind prosocial behaviors such as sharing, helping and caring, and it is also the key to understanding "truly altruistic" behaviors [4-6]
.
Previous studies have found that the higher the level of empathy an individual has towards others, the more likely he is to help others; individuals with stronger empathy experience tend to allocate more resources to others [5, 7, 8]
.
Can empathy levels predict prosocial behavior in resource-poor settings? On February 4, 2022, Associate Professor Cui Fang and Dr.
Liu Jie from the School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, and researcher Gu Ruolei from the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences published a paper entitled "How The paper resource sharing resists scarcity: the role of cognitive empathy and its neurobiological mechanisms" explores this issue, elaborating on the neural mechanisms underlying the reduction in prosocial sharing behavior and its relationship to empathy in resource-poor settings
.
The research hypothesis is that resource scarcity reduces resource sharing behaviors by inhibiting empathy-related neural activity; therefore, the degree to which sharing behaviors are affected by resource scarcity should be negatively correlated with an individual's empathy ability
.
In order to verify the above hypothesis, Cui Fang's research group modified the classic "Dictator Game" paradigm and designed the "Noise Rescue Resource" paradigm to simulate the lack of key resources in real life (analogous to the epidemic situation).
masks in the midst of a famine, or food in a famine, etc.
)
.
The specific rules of this paradigm are as follows: The subject and another partner (actually played by the researcher) are under the threat of high-intensity noise at the same time
.
At this point, subjects were given "noise cancellation resources" allocated by the experimental system, and then needed to decide whether to share these resources with others to eliminate the noise threat (Figure 1)
.
The experiment manipulated the level of resource adequacy and set three conditions of "adequate", "insufficient" and "extremely insufficient", and compared the resource sharing behavior and related neural activities of the subjects under the three conditions
.
Figure 1 Schematic diagram of the experimental paradigm (Source: Cui Fang/Liu Jie/Gu Ruolei's research group) Figure 2 Experiment 1 process and results: (a) The schematic diagram of the task trials; (b) Under the conditions of sufficient and insufficient resources, the subjects' Resource sharing rate; (c) The degree to which the sharing rate is affected by resource adequacy and its correlation with the scores of the subjects’ empathy scale (Source: Cui F, et al.
, Cereb Cortex.
2022) Experiment 1 The behavioral results of (magnetic resonance experiment) revealed that, on the overall level, the more scarce the resources, the more the subjects tended to keep the resources for their own use, that is, the proportion of sharing was lower (Figure 2b); on the other hand, the cognitive empathy score Higher subjects were less affected by resource scarcity, and their sharing behavior was more stable under different conditions (Fig.
2c)
.
Brain imaging results showed that the level of resource deprivation was associated with activation of the temporoparietal junction, the medial prefrontal cortex, and the posterior cingulate cortex (Fig.
3a); among them, the strength of the connection between the right temporoparietal junction and the medial prefrontal cortex Moderated by resource scarcity, and the moderating efficacy was affected by subjects' cognitive empathy scores (Fig.
3 bc)
.
Figure 3.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging results: (a) neural activation differences between sufficient and insufficient resources; (b) functional connectivity analysis results; (c) the correlation between individual cognitive empathy scores and functional connectivity strength
.
(Source: Cui F, et al.
, Cereb Cortex.
2022) Since previous studies found that oxytocin can be used as an exogenous factor to enhance empathy experience, experiment 2 (behavioral experiment) further explored whether oxytocin intake can regulate resources The tendency to share resources under conditions of scarcity
.
The results showed that oxytocin regulation only had an effect on subjects with high cognitive empathy ability, enhancing the stability of their sharing behavior
.
Conclusion and Discussion, Implications and Prospects In conclusion, this study shows that resource deprivation significantly inhibits the activity of empathy-related brain regions in the human brain, while also disrupting the connectivity within this network, thereby inhibiting altruistic sharing behaviors tendency
.
The above effects are regulated by the level of individual cognitive empathy; oxytocin can only promote sharing behavior in individuals with high cognitive empathy levels
.
This study has the following two limitations
.
First, future research should consider designing alternative task sets to examine the generalizability of the current findings
.
Because the use of harmful noise in this study is transient, it may not be directly comparable to some types of resource deprivation that can have harmful consequences in real life (eg, malnutrition or dehydration due to lack of food)
.
Second, how to create deprivation scenarios in the task also requires more careful consideration (eg, using textual narratives, photos, or videos, etc.
), because the presentation of the situation can significantly affect the degree of cognitive/emotional empathy involved in decision-making
.
The sensitivity of prosocial behavior to contextual factors and its brain mechanism are the current intersection of social neuroscience and decision neuroscience.
The results of this study help us better understand the instability of prosocial decision-making
.
From the perspective of practical application, this study can provide a scientific basis for predicting and regulating individual social behaviors in major public security incidents
.
Returning to the question at the beginning of this article: We argue that the different choices people make in such situations depend largely on their cognitive empathy abilities
.
Link to the original text: https://doi.
org/10.
1093/cercor/bhac017 Associate Professor Cui Fang (left), first author; Dr.
Liu Jie (middle), co-corresponding author; Researcher Gu Ruolei (right), co-corresponding author
.
(Photo provided by: Cui Fang/Liu Jie/Gu Ruolei's research group) Professor Luo Yuejia from Beijing Normal University, Associate Professor Jing Yiming from the Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Huang Xiaoxuan (master student) from Shenzhen University participated in this research
.
The research work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32171013, 31871109, 31900779, 32071083, 32020103008, 3189944) and the National Social Science Foundation of China (19ZDA363)
.
Selected Previous Articles【1】Neuron︱Cao Gang’s research group reveals a new mechanism for the nervous system to sense pathogenic infection and fine-tune immune response【2】J Neuroinflammation︱Ge Jinfang/Xia Qingrong’s research group reveals the effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell exosomes on Alzheimer’s disease Part of the therapeutic mechanism of Zheimer's disease【3】Sci Transl Med︱GABAB receptor may save visual processing abnormalities in autistic patients【4】Sci Adv︱Xu Yong/Xu Wenping/He Yanlin cooperated to discover estrogen receptor nerve The neural circuit mechanism of meta-regulation of body temperature and movement【5】PNAS︱Han Chun’s group reveals a new mechanism of neuronal degeneration induced by external phagocytosis【6】Nat Neurosci︱VTA dopaminergic neurons are involved in encoding social prediction error and social reinforcement learning【 7] Nature︱ new discovery! Inflammatory lymphocytes or new targets mediating CNS inflammation? 【8】Neurosci Bull︱Hu Bo’s research group reveals that the deep cerebellar nucleus neurons projecting to the ventromedial thalamus are specifically involved in the regulation of combined sensory-motor learning behavior 【9】Nat Neurosci︱Wu Longjun’s research group reveals the key pathological proteins of ALS A new ligand for TDP-43-TREM2[10]Cereb Cortex︱Luo Yuejia's team revealed the cognitive control mechanism of anxious individuals under uncertain expectations References (swipe up and down to view) 1.
Shah AK, Shafir E, Mullainathan S.
2015 .
Scarcity frames value.
Psychological Science.
26:402-412.
2.
Zhu M, Ratner RK.
2015.
Scarcity polarizes preferences: The impact on choice among multiple items in a product class.
Journal of Marketing Research.
52:13-26.
3.
Hamilton R, Thompson D, Bone S, Chaplin LN, Griskevicius V, Goldsmith K, Hill R, John DR, Mittal C, O'Guinn T, Piff P,
