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Photo: Figure A - Octopus (left) projecting silt and kelp in the water; B - An octopus (right) is hit by silt thrown by an octopus in the water; C - Shells, silt, algae or some mixture are placed into the arm ready to be thrown, inflated during the throwing process in preparation for ventilation, at this stage the usual position where the siphon protrudes from the gill slit above the crown of the arm can still be seen; D - The siphon descends over the hind arm, and under the web and arm crown between the hind arm pair (arms R4 and L4), water is forcibly discharged by siphon, as the mantle contracts, as the holding fragments are released, protruding the fragments through the
water column.
Illustration by Rebecca Gelernter
.
SOURCE: GODFREY SMITH ET AL.
, 2022, PLOS ONE, CC-BY 4.
0 (https://creativecommons.
org/licenses/by/4.
0/)
According to a study published Nov.
9 in the open-access journal PLOS ONE, octopuses appear to throw trash on purpose, sometimes directly at other octopuses, led by Peter Godfrey-Smith of the University of Sydney and colleagues
.
Researchers used underwater cameras in Jervis Bay, Australia, in 2015 and 2016 to record Octopus tetricus' behavior
.
They analyzed 24 hours of footage over several days and found 102 examples
of about 10 octopuses throwing garbage.
Octopuses collect substances such as silt or shells, and then use siphons (a tubular structure that can quickly eject water) to push the water between their wrists and feet and in the water, throwing the material out of
a few lengths.
In order to make the throw, the octopuses had to move their siphon to an unusual position, which indicates that the behavior was intentional
.
Throwing has been observed in both male and female octopuses, but 66% of throwing is done by females
.
About half of the throws occurred during or before interaction with other octopuses, such as brachiopod probing or mating attempts, and about 17% of throws hit other octopuses
.
Octopuses can change the color of their skin, and dark colors are often associated with aggression, and the researchers found that darker individuals tend to throw more forcefully and are more likely to hit other octopuses
.
Octopuses hit by a thrower usually change their behavior, bowing their heads or raising their wrists in the direction of the thrower
.
This is the first time throwing behavior
has been detected on an octopus.
The authors say that although it is difficult to determine the octopus' intention to advance debris in the water, the observed behavior suggests that, at least in some social settings, octopuses are able to throw targeted at other individuals, a behavior that has previously been observed
only in a small number of non-human animals.
The authors add: "Wild octopuses throw a wide variety of substances in the water with jet propulsion, and these throws sometimes hit other octopuses
.
There is evidence that some of these throws that hit others were targeted and played a social role
.
”
