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In April 1918, about 40% of the U.
S.
garrison at Camp Upton received a "pneumonia vaccine" suitable for flu complications
.
This is an early test of the 1918 flu vaccine
During the 1918 pandemic, the medical community had not yet found the pathogen of influenza at that time, and the bacillus faye, Haemophilus influenzae, and even the Yersinia pestis with the wrong head of the cow were mistaken as the source
.
Affected by this, during the 1918 pandemic, any so-called "flu vaccine" was actually just batches of defective vaccines that were born with deformities
So, can scientists who are at a loss for pathogens create a "useful" vaccine during the pandemic?
At that time, the medical profession paid particular attention to the observation of the validity that determines the direction of vaccine development
.
After the outbreak of the epidemic in the autumn of 1918, more medical scientists successively focused their hopes on vaccine effectiveness testing
With the divergence of vaccination coverage and the intensification of immunological research, good news of "vaccine useful" from all over the world has followed
.
Good news came from hospitals that have been repeatedly infected with internal infections
.
Between November and December 1918, Harold Whittingham and Carly Sims teamed up to track the vaccination and flu incidence of inpatients in a certain hospital in the United States
Vaccine promotion has also brought about a turning point in the military camp infection problem that has plagued the medical community for a long time
.
In early 1919, American medical scientist Minack and other researchers reviewed the epidemic situation in San Francisco from 1918 to February 1919
At the beginning of 1919, the medical profession's scope for obtaining vaccine survey data was further expanded, and the protective efficacy of vaccines for many non-specified occupational groups was gradually being scientifically evaluated
.
In April of that year, a communication article published in The Lancet sorted out 16,104 flu cases in New Zealand
The 1918 influenza vaccine research and development is by no means a triumphant triumph.
The staged conclusions of returning without success have also damped scientists' confidence in the future of the vaccine
.
A test arranged by Stanford University Hospital at the end of 1918 was of this kind
During the 1918 pandemic, the medical profession’s increased confidence in vaccines also encouraged the continuous expansion of preventive vaccination.
There were even government-led vaccine promotion in parts of the United States and Australia, calling for universal vaccination to cope with the next wave of epidemic peaks
.
In September 1919, a report in the “Telegraph Express” in Adelaide, Australia, reminded the public: “It usually takes about three years for the epidemic to completely disappear, so we must prepare for the third wave of epidemics that may come in late autumn and early winter”, The so-called preparation is to achieve full coverage of vaccination as much as possible
In summary, regardless of scientific principles, many vaccines during the 1918 pandemic have achieved gratifying practical results in the prevention and treatment of influenza and its complications.
It can be said that imperfect vaccines are also the best strategy for epidemic prevention
.
However, we must also realize that the problem of vaccines during an infectious disease pandemic is composed of two aspects.
In addition to the "vaccine research and development" discussed above, "vaccination" for a broad audience is also one of the problems
.
At the beginning of 1919, Major Cecil, a US military doctor, assessed the US military's influenza vaccination situation in the past year and concluded that the vaccination was facing two major obstacles
.
First, a large-volume vaccination of at least 3 doses per person is a limit test of the load of medical staff; second, relatively immature vaccines are more likely to cause adverse reactions, "Although it is not severe, it causes anxiety and discomfort to patients.
"Thus spreading the fear of vaccines
.
From this point of view, if a “good vaccine” at the effectiveness level is to become a “good vaccine” at the epidemic prevention dimension, the close cooperation of the medical and social system is required
.
The good news is that there has never been a shortage of vaccine "spokespersons" in medical history
.
In early November 1918, Benjamin Pasch, MD, wrote to the Journal of the American Medical Association, using his personal experience as a platform for influenza vaccines that has not yet been trusted by the public
.
Paski wrote: "I am sincerely grateful to the New York City Health Department, especially Dr.
Krumveld, who injected this vaccine into my family as quickly as possible
.
" Then Paski warned readers: "Doctors are not only themselves.
, And feel more at ease to vaccinate family members.
This is enough for smart people to explain!” It is also fortunate that the scientific community had a clear understanding of the positioning of vaccines against the epidemic during the 1918 influenza, and there was no progress due to vaccines.
Ignore more basic and pragmatic public health measures
.
On October 31, 1918, "Nature" published a motto that is still shining with the dual light of medicine and society: "The issue of vaccine therapy and vaccination is currently being discussed
.
In this direction, we are hopeful that we will succeed.
.
However, we must mainly rely on hygiene measures to deal with influenza
.
"
(Author's unit: Department of History, Shanghai University)
